tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-36464822857375498492024-03-13T19:19:24.550-07:00Easy essay writerronaldchavez1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/14859671300940522062noreply@blogger.comBlogger22125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3646482285737549849.post-50565886500197663782020-08-27T15:53:00.001-07:002020-08-27T15:53:08.056-07:00A Fatherââ¬â¢s StoryStories regularly have a primary character that is fixated on the grounds that he/she fizzles at some obligation of theirs or misses the mark concerning their objective. In ââ¬Å"A Father's Storyâ⬠composed by Andre Dubus, Luke Ripley is a character that prevails in his obligations as a dad. Luke shows love, sympathy or more each of the a defensive intuition and want to support his little girl. He underscores that he is strict albeit maybe not extremely dedicated. These qualities assist him with satisfying his caring obligations to his girl during her stay at his home. Luke has had an intriguing life going before the headliners of the story. He has lost his whole family, making only him in a huge house with only ponies and a radio to stay with him. Regardless of those preliminaries, Luke has it inside him to ceaselessly demonstrate love to his family when they do return, particularly to his girl despite the fact that she slaughters a man. Andre Dubus underlines this adoration and sympathy Luke has through a portion of the foundation data he surrenders prompting the headliners of the story. Dubus shows little subtleties that Luke a focuses his consideration on and the endeavors that Luke advances to attempt to adore his family after they leave him. There likewise comes a point in the story where Luke's heart's ââ¬Å"longing to loveâ⬠as he calls it, makes him harsh with Father Paul. Luke's kinship with Father Paul achieves another exceptionally fascinating character attribute in Luke. This is his strict side. In light of the way that Luke relates an incredible occasions, religion is a city hall leader part and focal point of his life. He appears not to be exceptionally passionate and exacting; he says that ââ¬Å"being a genuine Catholic is excessively hard. â⬠Still however, he goes to every Sunday Mass and Father Paul is his best, and in truth his solitary companion. Luke gets up early every morning and rides his pony to the congregation. Luke flounders just twice to the extent his celibacy and marriage convictions are concerned and he depicts those two occurrences as having been in the inaccessible past and not a reoccurring propensity. Luke likewise understands that he can't power or mention to his kids what to accept however he despite everything attempts to point them toward the path that he accepts to be correct. Luke clarifies that his religion and Father Paul help to stay with him and keep him solid when his family left him. The primary focal point of this story anyway isn't about Luke's adoration and empathy, or his religion; it is about simply his paternal sense and want to ensure and support his girl. The whole story, up till the peak Top point, is focused on Luke's capacity to sympathize with his little girl and furnish her with the solace and help that she needs. Above all else, Jennifer is the most youthful youngster, the infant in the family. This consequently places her in the situation to get more consideration and care from her dad. Jennifer additionally is by all accounts the one that visits her dad the frequently and for the longest timeframes. Luke appreciates the time that he gets the opportunity to go through with his little girl. He savors the little subtleties and unpretentious changes that happen after some time. He brings up how they are growing up and getting consistently increasingly develop. Luke gives us that he comprehends and identifies with his girl and her change into a youthful grown-up when he says, ââ¬Å"it was womanhood they were entering, its profound woods, and regardless of what number of ladies and men also are stating nowadays that there is little distinction between us, in all actuality men discover their way into that woodland just on plainly stamped trails, while ladies move about in it like flying creatures. Jennifer then wakes her dad in the night to disclose to him that she has quite recently hit a man, and may have slaughtered him. This is sufficient to test any dad's affection, tolerance, and temper. Yet, Luke meets the challenge at hand and his character doesn't vacillate he firsts comforts his little girl and learns the entire story of what has occurred and what has vexed her so seriously. At that point after she has quieted down, and simply after she has quieted down, Luke leaves to attempt to discover this man. The outcome is that Luke finds the man, and watches him kick the bucket since he is frail to spare him now, he doesn't tell his little girl this, he just says that the man is dead. At that point Luke says something fascinating, he lets us know ââ¬Å"If one of my children had come to me that night, I would have called the police and instructed them to meet us with a rescue vehicle at the highest point of the slope I could bear the torment of watching and knowing my children's torment yet never my daughter's. This outlines with flawless clearness Luke's uncommon love for his girl and want to ensure her in a manner that changes incredibly from that of his affections for his children. Stories frequently have a principle character that is fixated on in light of the fact that he/she comes up short at some obligation of theirs or misses the mark concerning their objective. In ââ¬Å"A Father's Storyâ⬠composed by Andre Dubus, Luke Ripley is a character that prevails in his duties as a dad. ronaldchavez1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/14859671300940522062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3646482285737549849.post-32106161137526051332020-08-22T12:25:00.001-07:002020-08-22T12:25:14.448-07:00Sample Essays for Personal Essay for College ApplicationSample Essays for Personal Essay for College ApplicationPersonal essays are one of the most important parts of your college application. This is because it should be written in such a way that it will get you noticed by the schools that are hiring you. It should also be interesting and have relevance to your interest. So how do you write a personal essay?There are different sample essays that you can use in writing your personal essay for college application. Most of them follow the basic format of a resume. If you are a high school student or just started to study and this is your first time to write an essay, then you need to know the basics before going ahead with the whole process. In this article, I will show you samples of personal essay for college application.The first and the most important part of the essay is the first paragraph. You need to start with your education so that the reader gets an idea about what kind of things you have studied up to date. Try to keep it short but informative. So that they can understand the content better, you can tell them the reason why you want to go to college.The second part of the personal essay for college application is the introduction. You need to introduce yourself and where you want to go after high school. You need to answer the question that this question is aimed at you and not answer it in any other way. Do not forget to write a personal statement. A brief overview of what your background is.The last paragraph in a person's essay for a college application is the conclusion. Do not forget to write a positive and promising end to the story. Your writing must be concise and direct as you are already halfway through the essay. You need to finish the part of the essay that details the expected benefits of going to college.If you want to make the paragraphs more interesting, you can include some personal anecdotes in each paragraph. For example, in the third paragraph, you can tell a personal anecdote about ho w your father passed away. Or, in the fourth paragraph, you can tell a story about an incident that happened to you. Sometimes, you can also use an argument to show that your facts are correct. Just make sure that you avoid plagiarism.Remember that the readers of the essay want to get to know about you and find out about your life and how you see your future. So try to use samples of personal essay for college application that will capture the reader's attention and will reflect on your personality.These are some of the samples of personal essay for college application. However, you should also learn more about the different formats of personal essays. It is very important to know your place and to write in the manner in which you see fit. ronaldchavez1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/14859671300940522062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3646482285737549849.post-441016111395234482020-08-21T10:07:00.001-07:002020-08-21T10:07:20.187-07:00Finding the Best Term Paper Writing ServiceFinding the Best Term Paper Writing ServiceIf you're looking for the best term paper writing service, then you will probably be able to find some on the internet. But before you do, you should spend some time researching the company and what they can offer you. It's always a good idea to check out the positives and negatives of the company, as well as read testimonials to see what other people think of them.One of the first things you should do is make sure that they have a free trial period of at least one month. While it may be tempting to sign up for a very low price right away, try and avoid companies that do this. After all, there are other companies that are cheaper that you could choose.Of course, you should also look into the company that has a free trial and does not charge you any money until the trial period is complete. Of course, you will need to give them your information before you do so, but that's something you'll need to do when you sign up for most other services. Of course, you don't want to provide your information to anyone else at this point, so this step is definitely necessary.You should also look for a company that offers a full package. For example, they may have services such as the availability of white paper samples and references. In order to get references, you should look at the quality of the term paper writing service. You should also look at the service they can offer you in terms of samples.They should also be able to provide you with information about the best prices on term paper writing services. This can be important, especially if you're not going to be working from home. If you've read about the best services on the internet, you would already know that many times the term paper writing service providers offer discounted rates on their services, which will save you money over the long run.If you are able to find a service provider that offers reviews of their clients, then you can find out the general quality of their work. There is no point in signing up for a low-cost service when it can't provide you with the quality you need. You may also want to read up on other people's experiences, if you can find them.This will help you see what other people think about the client's experiences. A good tip is to ask for the client's references from the provider you've chosen. The references can help you see how a particular writer has performed on previous projects.Choosing the best provider is often a difficult decision, but it is important to compare a number of different choices. By comparing them, you can see what is most important to you and what works best for your needs. Remember, the most important thing is to find a term paper writing service that you can rely on to write your papers and that you can work with for the long term. ronaldchavez1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/14859671300940522062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3646482285737549849.post-16362519370219194702020-05-25T22:43:00.001-07:002020-05-25T22:43:03.637-07:00Homer s Epic Hero, The Odyssey, By Homer - 1670 Words One of the greatest tales of a hero is one of a man returning home after war. King of Ithaca, Odysseus was a Greek champion in the Trojan War. However, he is known best not for his heroic acts during combat, but for his journey back to Ithaca, to his wife and son, in the ten years that follow. In Homerââ¬â¢s epic hero, The Odyssey, the Greek poet tells of Odysseusââ¬â¢s hardships and how he used his heroic traits to overcome them. The myth is told in twenty four books. Odysseus is a hero because of his cleverness, loyalty, leadership, and courage. Odysseus is, without a doubt, a war hero. He valiantly fought for ten years in the Trojan War, until he finally came up with a brilliant idea to defeat Troy. He had a hollow wooden horse constructed so the Greeks could hide inside. In the middle of the night, they would come out of the horse and defeat their enemies (Baker). Odysseus and his men claimed victory, and set out to return home. However, Poseidon, God of the sea and earthquakes, had other plans for the King of Ithaca. Poseidon favored the Trojans to win the war, so when the Greeks won, he was angered. On top of that, Odysseus did not thank the Gods for his victory. So when Odysseus blinded his son Polyphemus, Poseidon had had enough. He made the waters of the Aegean Sea, the route in which Odysseus took home, rough and difficult to navigate (authors of book.) For ten years he travelled home and showed his heroic side along the way. Heroes like Achilles andShow MoreRelatedThe Hero Of Homer s Epic Tale, The Odyssey1922 Words à |à 8 Pagesthe mythological Grecian subject of Homer s epic tale, The Odyssey. This legendary figure displays exemplary brains and muscle, appearing almost superhuman at times. He embodies the ideals Greeks heroes aspired to: manly valor, loyalty to both his family and friends, as well as keen intelligence. The popularity of Odysseus has proven timeless; to this day, he remains greatly admired as both a hero, and an ordinary man who must overcome hurdles and embark on epic adventures in order to regain theRead MoreHomer s Odyssey : The Epic Hero999 Words à |à 4 Pages Odysseus can be classified as one of the most well-known epic heroes, and a clear example of Greek priorities and ideals. Written many years after, the Aeneid likewise depicts an epic hero, Aeneas, that also completes a long journey and has closely related aspects to the story of the Odyssey. Virgilââ¬â¢s Aeneid imitates various crucial aspects of Homerââ¬â¢s Odyssey, including: the main protagonist passing through comparable sexual temptations, a similar relationship with the gods, and an analogous endRead MoreThe Epic Hero in Homerà ´s The Odyssey 609 Words à |à 2 Pages Epic Heroes are those that portray extraordinary traits, in which of displaying honor, integrity, sacrifice for the better, and loyalty. They are considered role models in a sense, thus providing the lessons, morals, and beliefs. Whether it is judging right from wrong, accomplishing the greater good, and many others teach lifelong messages that will continue to be passed down generation after generation. The Odyssey was written by a blind poet named Homer, who was also renowned author of The IliadRead MoreOdysseus - a Different Type of Hero1225 Words à |à 5 PagesOdysseus Ãâ" A Different Type of Hero The Homeric epic, the Odyssey, is set in the peaceful years following the Trojan War, and concerns the returning heroes on their journeys home, in particular Odysseus of Ithaca. Odysseus is an epic hero; he displays courage, superior strength, and leadership, all qualities that people admire. While displaying these archetypal heroic traits he also displays his weaknesses as a man, particularly his excessive pride, which actually make him easy to relate to. SoRead MoreHistory, Symbolism, and Characters in Homerââ¬â¢s The Odyssey 1118 Words à |à 5 Pages In The Odyssey, it takes Odysseus twenty years to make it home from the Trojan War. On his journey home, he runs into many obstacles and creatures that he must overcome. He encounters the sirens, the Cyclops, and others. Each event in this epic poem has a symbolic meaning behind it. Homer writes about the history, symbolism, and the characters in The Odyssey. The Odyssey is about the Greek gods and heroes and their adventures (Makman). Odysseus is the main character, and he is going on a questRead MoreGreek Epics873 Words à |à 4 PagesGreek Epics There are some challenges in each history period, and authors will create some heroes in their epics that reflect values of the culture at the time. By studying the heroââ¬â¢s actions and his motivations, it tells the society conditions and the civilization of that history period. Homer; the authors of The Iliad and The Odyssey; and Vergil; the authors of The Aeneid are two of the greatest writers in ancient western civilization. There are heroes in these three literatures to reflectRead MoreThe Bronze And Iron Age Essay2093 Words à |à 9 PagesQuestion: 1-What Can Homer tell us about the Bronze and Iron Age The Bronze and Iron Ages were 2 of the main periods in Greek History and Homer can tell us a lot about them. The Bronze Age was all about mixing copper with tin or arsenic to bronze hence it is called the Bronze Age. The Iron Age was when the whole of the east Mediterranean was in crisis. In central Anatolia, the collapse of the Hitties opened the gates to invaders who overran the country. Firstly, letââ¬â¢s talk about Homer- a lot of the worksRead MoreTennyson vs Homer Ulysses Vs Oddyseus1667 Words à |à 7 PagesOdysseus share similar traits, Homer would not agree with Tennyson s portrayal of Odysseus in the poem Ulysses. Whereas Odysseus wishes to complete his journey and find relief, Ulysses seeks to continue on a never-ending one. Homer s Odyssey and Tennyson s Ulysses have different desires and their desires lead them on contrasting quests. The hero in Homer s depicts Odysseus as a hero in the process of completing a journey home. The portrayal of Ulysses is a hero that has already completed hisRead MoreThe Odyssey Heros Journey Essay1322 Words à |à 6 PagesThe timeless story, The Odyssey, has left itââ¬â¢s mark in literature as one of the first narratives depicting the heroââ¬â¢s journey cycle. This work of creative writing has laid the foundation of storytelling that would later inspire other popular writings like, The Hunger Games, The Lord of The Rings, and Harry Potter. How has this ancient novel withstand the sands of time and remain relevant and appealing even to modern day readers? The Odyssey touches upon many topics that appear attractive to evenRead MoreKleos in The Odyssey by Homer938 Words à |à 4 PagesTHE ODYSSEY Heroic glory occupies a very crucial place in the Indo-European epic tradition, because the Greek society is a shame culture, in which being honoured is one of the primary purposes of people s lives. Hence, the concept of kleos formed an essential part of the bardic tradition which helped the people to maintain the heroic stature of the mythical heroes from generation to generation. This is why, it has got an important place in the Greek epics also. In The Odyssey by Homer also ronaldchavez1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/14859671300940522062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3646482285737549849.post-47386498168591901942020-05-15T05:04:00.001-07:002020-05-15T05:04:05.368-07:00Capital Structure And Profitability Relationship For Ftse Firms - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3904 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? The capital structure of a firm has long been a much debated issue for academic studies and in the corporate finance world. It is the way a firm finances its assets through some combination of equity, debt, or hybrid securities the composition or structure of its liabilities. In reality, capital structure may be highly complex and include various sources. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Capital Structure And Profitability Relationship For Ftse Firms" essay for you Create order The question whether capital structure affects to the profitability of the firm or it is affected by profitability is crucial one. Profitability and capital structure relationship is a two way relationship. On the one hand profitability of firm is an important determinant of the capital structure, the other hand changes in capital structure changes affect underlying profits and risk of the firm. Traditionally it was believed that the debt is useful up to certain limit and afterwards it proves costly. There is an optimum level of capital structure exist up to that level increasing debt will improve profitability, beyond that it will reduce profitability. In 1945, Chudson carried out an extensive study that implies the possibility of a relationship between the capital structures practised by a firm with its profitability. The question he endeavours to answer was that, à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âIn what way does the structure of assets and liabilities of a firm reflect the kind of industry in it is engaged, its size and level of profitability?à ¢Ã¢â ¬? In 1958 Merton Miller and Franco Modigliani in their famous Miller-Modigliani (MM) propositions put forward the net operating income approach of and demonstrated that the capital structure is irrelevant in a perfect market. It states irrelevant of capital structure in a perfect market to its value, hence, how a firm is financed does not matter. The MM propositions forms the basis for modern thinking on capital structure, though it is generally viewed as a purely theoretical result since it is based on perfect market assumptions those are not prevailing in practice. The matter of capital structure has gained much interest and controversy, since the MM Propositions which assert that the value of a firm is independent of its capital structure. The hypothesis proposed by MM created tidal waves in the corporate finance academia. Different theory such as packing order theory and agency cost theory were proposed. Various aspects of capital structure have been put to test and researched by so many researchers. The question is if the capital structure is really irrelevant in a real market and whether a companys profitability and hence value is affected by the capital structure it employs? If not, why capital structure is relevant and which factors make the leverage matter? Apart from profitability, some other factors such as bankruptcy costs, agency costs, taxes, and information asymmetry are considered in determination of capital structure. This study aims and attempts to extend the knowledge of capital structure and profitability relationship in listed UK companies. This analysis can then be extended to look at whether there is in fact an optimal capital structure exist the one which maximizes profitability and hence the value of the firm. 1.1 Context and relevance of the Study The topic of capital structure has been widely explored, though the study is relevant in the different time period and different context to find out whether the evidence concerning the capital structure issue and its various aspects are relevant to a given set of companies in a given period. Given this significance, current study attempts to understand and research on capital structure and its effect on profitability, of large firms in UK in the present context for a period of five years (2005 -2010). Thus, this study attempts to contribute to the research on capital structure in the recent period for large publicly traded companies on FTSE 100. 1.2 Research Objectives The present study is aimed at achieving one main and two secondary objectives. The main objective is to scrutinise the relationship between the capital structure and profitability of the large publicly traded UK firms and to ascertain whether a firmà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s profitability is related with its capital structure or not based on the empirical evidence generated. Secondly, this study would attempt and investigate to determine if any optimal capital structure exist among the sample of FTSE 100 listed companies. Third objective is to find out any trend of capital structure being exhibited by the UK companies. 1.3 Research Questions and Hypothesis The above objectives are translated in two research question. The main research question is that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âwhether a firmà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s profitability is related with its capital structure or not?à ¢Ã¢â ¬? based on the empirical evidence generated. Hypothesis The first questions can be presented as following hypothesis. The present study shall be undertaken to evaluate this hypothesis based on the tests of the null hypothesis. H1: The profitability of a company is significantly correlated to its capital structure. H0: The profitability of a company is not significantly correlated to its capital structure. The secondary objectives of this study are translated in the determinant question regarding the optimality and trend of capital structure. The second question, will be discussed descriptively is that, Is there an optimal capital structure exists among or any trend of capital structure being exhibited by FTSE 100 listed companies? 1.4 Scope and Limitations of the Study Scope This is an academic study that would shed some light on the matter of capital structure which has been discussed in various different perspectives since the MM propositions. The significance of this study is that it further enhances the research into capital structure of listed firms in UK. Profitability and Capital structure relationship is an ongoing issue and its relevance may change in different period because of the changes in macro and micro economic factors. For practitioners and corporate finance people such as finance executives, controllers and directors of listed firms, this study is relevant and of much interest to get insight of the capital structure and whether it has any effect on the profitability. Limitations The findings of this study will be limited from the following aspects: This study included only FTSE 100 listed firms on the London Stock Exchange (LSE). Hence, its findings were not applicable for all the listed companies in UK. The sample of listed companies for this study included only firms with at least five years of financial data. Firms which are younger than five years or whose five year data could not be obtained will not be included in this study. The study excludes financial utility and other highly regulated industry to avoid any distortions in the result due to industry specific requirements. The cross sectional correlation and regression analysis will be performed using excel formula. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW The various capital structure theories are developed by corporate finance academia for analysing how a firm could combine the securities to maximise its value. The Modigliani and Miller (MM) proposition (1958) were introduced under the perfect capital market assumptions. It refers to an ideal market where there are no taxes at both corporate and personal level, no transaction costs, no agency costs as and managers are rational. It further assumes that investors and firms can borrow at the same rate without restrictions and all participants have access to all relevant information. Thus it provides conditions under which the capital structure of a firm is irrelevant to total firm value. Most of studies focus on the determination of capital structure i.e. to what extent each of the assumptions in the MM model contributes to the determination of the firmà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s capital structure. Many theories such as the pecking order theory, the trade-off theory and the agency cost theory have been developed. Though much attention was not given to one major aspect of the capital structure, which is the impact of the value of the firm. The value comes from the future cash flow i.e. profit of the firm. Thus capital structure affects value of the firm through the profitability and hence there is a direct relationship between the capital structure and profitability of the firm. Capital Structure The term capital structure can be defined as: à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âThe mix of a firmà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s permanent long-term financing represented by debt, preferred stock, and common stock equity.à ¢Ã¢â ¬? (Van Horne Wachowicz, 2000, p.470) It can be defined as à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âThe mix of long-term sources of funds used by the firm. This is also called the firmà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âcapitalizationà ¢Ã¢â ¬?. The relative total (percentage) of each type of fund is emphasized.à ¢Ã¢â ¬? (Petty, Keown, Scott, and Martin, 2001, p.932) One of the exhaustive and inclusive description was given by Masulis (1988, pl): à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"Capital structure encompasses a corporationà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s publicly issued securities, private placements, bank debt, trade debt, leasing contracts, tax liabilities, pension liabilities, deferred compensation to management and employees, performance guarantees, product warranties, and other contingent liabilities. This list represents the major claims to a corporationà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s assets. Increases or reductions in any of these claims represent a form of capital structure change.à ¢Ã¢â ¬? However in this study, for the sake of simplicity, the capital structure will be analysed in term of debt and equity in line with other prominent capital structure studies and theories restricted to the debt equity mix. Profitability The term profitability is a very common term in the business world. It refers to an all round measurement and indicator for a firmà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s success. Profitability can be defined as the ability of a firm to generate net income or profit on a consistent basis. It is often measured by price to earnings ratio. The accounting definition of profit can be given as the difference between the total revenue and the total costs incurred in bringing to market the product i.e. goods or service. Hence, profitability had come to mean different things for different people. It can be defined and measured in several ways depending on the purpose. It is a generic name for variables such as net income, return on total assets, earnings per share, etc. though the simplest and common meaning of profitability is the net income. 3.1 Early Study on Capital Structure by W A Chudson One of the earliest comprehensive researches into capital structure of business firms was done by Chudson Walter Alexander (1945) on a cross section of manufacturing, mining, trade, and construction companies in the US from the year 1931 to 1937. Although it has been more than two third of a century, that study is still relevant today as before due to the seven questions which he endeavoured to answer. Out of those questions the relevant to this study are as follows. In what way does the structure of assets and liabilities of a given concern reflect the kind of industry in which a concern is engaged, the concernà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s size and level of profitability? Are there any elements in the corporate balance sheet, either on the asset or the liability side, whose range of variation is so narrow that it is possible to speak of a à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
ânormalà ¢Ã¢â ¬? pattern of financial structure? The questions posed by Chudson could be interpreted into the research questions pertinent to this study which are the relationship between profitability and capital structure, the existence of an optimal capital structure, and also the trend of capital structure being practised by a sample of firms. Chudsonà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s research showed there were undisputable relationships between corporate financial structure and the firmà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s profitability. As far as this study is concerned, Chudson had successfully proved the relationship between the profitability of a company with various capital structure variables including debt and equity capital. 3.2 M M Propositions In 1958 Merton Miller and Franco Modigliani in their famous Miller-Modigliani (MM) propositions put forward the net operating income approach of and demonstrated that the capital structure is irrelevant in a perfect market. Accordingly, the first Proposition holds that the value of a firm is independent of its capital structure. While the second proposition stats that when first proposition held, the cost of equity capital was a linear increasing function of the debt/equity ratio. As miller wrote subsequently these propositions implied that the weighted average of these costs of capital to a firm would remain the same no matter what combination of financing sources the firm actually chose. (Miller, 1988) In 1962, Barges tested and evaluated the MM propositions predominantly on the validity of the hypothesis that the cost of capital to the firms is unaffected by capital structure. According to Barges (p. 143): à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âWith respect to the empirical methods employed by MM it was found that, under very frequently encountered conditions, their methods will result in tests which are biased in favour of their propositions and biased against the traditional views.à ¢Ã¢â ¬? Barges had empirically proved the existence of some weaknesses in the research design and methodology of Modigliani and Millerà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s study and concluded that (p. 147) à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âThus, on the basis of the evidence presented herein, the hypothesis of independence between average costs and capital structure appears untenable.à ¢Ã¢â ¬? Subsequently many studies were conducted with focus on the determination of capital structure and many theories were presented. 3.3 Profitability and Leverage theories Since MM propositions presented, many studies were conducted by releasing MM assumptions focusing on the extent to which each of the assumptions contributes to the determination of the firmà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s capital structure. All these theories explains the relationship between leverage and the value of the firm and hence profitability of the firm. There are various theories in order to further explain this relationship. Nevertheless, these theories are actually based on asymmetric information (Myers, 1984), tax deductibility (Modigliani and Miller, 1963; Miller 1977), Bankruptcy costs (Stiglitz, 1972; Titman, 1984) and agency costs (Jensen and Meckling, 1976; Myers, 1977). Two main theories are the pecking order theory and the trade off theory. Pecking Order Theory The Pecking Order Theory is based on information asymmetry between management and investors. So, the stock price of a firm may not reflect correct value of the firm. Myers and Majluf (1984) and Myers (1984) suggest that management issue the security which is overvalued and therefore, undervalued firms tend to avoid issuing equity. They argue that in imperfect capital markets, leverage increases with the extent of information asymmetry. They provided theoretical support to Donaldsonà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s (1961) findings that firms prefer to use internally generated funds as a financing source and resort to externals funds only if the need for funds was unavoidable. According to (Myers 1995), the dividend policy is à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âstickyà ¢Ã¢â ¬? and the firms prefer internal to external financing. Firms prefer using internal sources of financing first, then debt and finally external equity obtained by stock issues. Therefore, asymmetric information models seldom point towards a well-defined target debt ratio or optimal capital structure. All things being equal, the more profitable the firms are, the more internal financing they will have, and therefore we should expect a negative relationship between leverage and profitability. The various studies such as Ross (1977), and Myers and Majluf (1984), Harris and Raviv, 1991; Rajan and Zingales, 1995; Booth et al., 2001have supported this relationship that is one of the most systematic findings in the empirical literature. Agency Costs Theory The Agency Costs Theory (Organizational Theory of Capital Structure) emphasize that capital structure was influenced by conflicts between shareholders and managers, and between debt holders and equity holders. Major study into this area was done by Jensen and Meckling (1976) that showed managersà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ natural tendency to extract too many perquisites and stresses on self-interested behaviour. Obviously, agency costs would increase as the managersà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ personal ownership stake in the firm decreases. This supplied an argument for debt financing and against à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"publicà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ equity which was contributed by non management investors who cannot monitor management effectively. Fama and Miller (1972), using agency cost theory, proved that leverage was positively associated with firm value. Firms with longer credit histories would have lower cost of debt. The Trade of theory The trade-off theory is based on the considerations of benefits and the costs of debt. This theory argues that firms optimise their capital structure by trading the tax deductibility of interests, bankruptcy costs, and agency costs. This theory is consistent with traditional approach of capital structure. This theory leads to an opposite conclusion. Accordingly if the firms are profitable, they should prefer debt to benefit from the tax shield. Further as the past profitability is a good proxy for future profitability, profitable firms can borrow more because the likelihood of paying back the loans is greater. However after a certain level of leverage, the profitability and the value of the firm will reduce due to interaction of bankruptcy costs and agency costs. 3.4 Various Studies on Capital Structure As the issue of capital structure gained prominence and interest, a number of studies had been done over the years to explore the relationship between capital structure and a firmà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s various characteristics e.g. growth opportunities, non-debt tax shields, firmà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s volatility, asset systematic risk, asset unique risk, internal funds availability, asset structure, profitability, industry classification, and firm size. This study is concerned particularly on the relationship between capital structure and profitability. Most of the studies had concluded that capital structure measured by debt/equity ratio had an inverse relationship with profitability measured by Return on Investment (ROI). Professor Myers of MIT had written in 1995 that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âthe strong negative correlation between profitability and financial leverageà ¢Ã¢â ¬? is one of the à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"most striking facts about corporate financingà ¢Ã¢â ¬? (p.303). It is worthy to mention here that the aforesaid studies were the most comprehensive ever carried out in the US. One significant research was conducted by Bradley, Jarrell and Rim (1984) using Ordinary Least Squares method to analyze the capital structure of 851 industrial firms over a period of 20 years (1962-81). They concluded that an optimal capital structure actually existed as proposed by finance theorists. Bradley, Jarrell and Kimà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s findings were supported by El-Khouri in 1989 who studied a sample of 1,040 Companies in US from 27 different industries covering a period of 19 years (1968-86). El-Khourià ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s major findings were that there exists an optimal capital structure, and profitability was significantly but negatively related to capital structure. 3.5 Rajan and Zingalesà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ Study Rajan and Zingales (1995), in their study of determinant of capital structure find that profitability is negatively or inversely related to gearing consistent with Toy et al. (1974), Kester (1986) and Titman and Wessles (1988). Given, however, that the analysis is effectively performed as an estimation of a reduced form, such a result masks the underlying demand and supply interaction which is likely to be taking place. More profitable firm will obviously need less borrowings, although on the supply-side such profitable firms would have better access to debt, and hence the demand for debt may be negatively related to profits. Most of such studies were conducted in US using local companies and hence represents financing and profitability relationship in US economy and might not be applicable in other countries around the globe. Some of the studies conducted in UK as well though changing business and economic environment and time period may have their impact on such capital structure and profitability relationship. Further as discussed earlier much attention was not given to one major aspect of the capital structure, which is the impact on the profitability and hence the value of the firm. So understanding the effect of capital structure on the profitability and hence the value of the firm in the current economic and business environment is the main motivation for this study. CHAPTER 3 RESERCH FRAMEWORK I intend to use two major sets of variables (Ratios) i.e. Debt and Profitability to ascertain the relationship between the capital structure and profitability. The first set includes Gearing ratios Debt/Equity Ratio and Debt Ratio. The other set includes profitability ratios Return on Equity, and Return on Assets. The variables will be analyzed using the descriptive/time-series Correlation and regression technique. 2.1 Data Sample The data used for the empirical analysis will be derived from Hemscott database contains balance sheet, profit and loss and certain Key Ratio information for FTSE 100 companies in UK. For the purposes of this dissertation, I expect to utilise this data to obtain the required variables for all non-financial companies. 2.2 The Model and Research Methodology The following model outlines the framework for research. It consist two major components i.e. the profitability of a firm as the dependent variables and the capital structure of a firm as the independent variables. The arrow pointing to the right indicated the expected direction of causality. However profitability and capital structure relationship is a two way relationship. DEBT RATIO ROE DEBT/EQUITYRATIO ROA The model gave the foundation for analysis which was to explain the relationship among the two main groups of variables. In as much as possible, variables will be selected on the basis of the literature being reviewed. Thus, while this study is expected to give exciting results, there will be direct ties to earlier studies although may reflect the changing requirements of the time. One prominent issue here is the direction of the causality in the model. This research is based on the notion that the capital structure being practised by a firm would affect its profitability. This particular cause-and-effect relationship had been proved in various studies as found in the literature being reviewed. Though it should be kept in mind that there were a number of researchers who had argued that it was profitability which would influence the capital structure (Chudson 1945, Lamothe 1982, Bowen, Daley and Huber 1982). However, it is not within the scope of this study to determine the direction of causality in this particular relationship but rather to focus on the significance of such a relationship. 2.3 Variables In the first instance, great care was taken to define the dependent and independent variables to be used in the descriptive, co variance and regression analysis. As there are several alternative measures of profitability and gearing, only relevant measures are chosen for this cross-sectional analysis. Dependent Variable Profitability is dependent variable in this analysis and two measures of profitability employed in this analysis are Return on Equity (ROE) and Return on Assets (ROA). ROE is the return on equity and is measured as earnings before tax (EBT) divided by ownersà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ capital or equity. ROE = EBT/EQUITY ROA is return on assets and is measured as earnings before interest and tax divided by total assets (Titman and Wessels, 1998; Fama and French, 2002 and Flannery and Rangan, 2006). The ratio of earnings before interest and tax (EBIT), to the book value of total assets (TA) ROA = EBITDA/TA Independent Variables Gearing Ratio represents capital structure. Therefore, in order to examine the sensitivity or otherwise of their cross-sectional results to the profitability following two ratios are used in this analysis and defined as: Debt to Total Assets: This is a simple ratio of total debt to total assets DEBT RATIO= TD/ TA Debt to Equity Capital: This is the ratio of total debt to capital, with the capital calculated as total debt plus equity, including preference shares. DEBT/EQUITY RATIO = TD / (TD + ECR + PS) PS the book value of preference shares. Research Plan and Implementation Schedule Research work starts from week beginning from October 4, 2010 and is expected to complete in 10 weeks time. The work is scheduled as follows. Research Plan Week Star Date : 04-10-2010 Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Background reading and literature review X X Research design and plan X Choice of methodology X Gathering data X X X Data analysis and refine X X X Writing up draft X X X Editing final document X X Produce final document X Document passed to supervisor to read X Resources I intend to use following resources Hemscott database for data collection. MS Excel for analysing data. University of Wales online library, internet, and some books on finance. ronaldchavez1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/14859671300940522062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3646482285737549849.post-13900655882174980272020-05-06T16:11:00.001-07:002020-05-06T16:11:20.748-07:00Research Synthesis Nursing Recruitment And Retention Research Synthesis: Nursing Recruitment and Retention in Newfoundland, Canada The topic of this research synthesis paper is nursing recruitment and retention in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador (NL), Canada. The reason this topic is significant is that there is a shortage of nurses worldwide CITATION NEEDED) and Newfoundland serves as a great illustration because it has many obstacles that it has to overcome, including limited employment for the families of nurses, recent healthcare reforms, and unique challenges of living in a rural environment (CITATION NEEDED). The strategies for recruitment and retention may brign to light the consideration of the needs to both educate and retain nurses in the field, thus may assist in the needs of nurses by considering the needs to both educate and retain nurses in the field. The expected more effective recruitment and retention is better patient outcomes, as units will not be understaffed resulting in less fatigue and burnout which can ultimately lead to errors. (http://qsen.org/competencies/) The purpose of this synthesis paper is to provide a better understanding on the methods of recruitment and retention in Newfoundland, Canada, which has implications for nursing research throughout the world. Methodology Search Strategy The method of finding articles began by searching through Baylor Universityââ¬â¢s Electronic Resource Database. Criteria to limit the search result included to search through by selecting ââ¬Å"Nursingâ⬠Show MoreRelatedNursing Retention Through Residency Programs971 Words à |à 4 PagesNursing Retention through Residency Programs: A Literature Review Shannon G. Stone, MSN, RN, CCRN, SCRN Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Nursing In partial fulfillment of the requirements of NURS6330 Evidence Based Inquiry I Jeannette Crenshaw, DNP, RN, LCCE, FACCE, IBCLC, NEA-BC, FAAN September 27, 2015 Nursing Retention through Residency Programs: A Literature Review A great cause for concern in todayââ¬â¢s healthcare system is the shortage of nurses. The shortageRead MoreFactors Influencing Nurses For Clinical Nursing Practice1206 Words à |à 5 PagesFactors Influencing Nurses to Leave Clinical Nursing Practice In their article Why Are Nurses Leaving? 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These can be accessed through your workplace organisation or you may access them independently. à ©HSC DIPLOMA HELP 2012 Books Information leaflets Journals ââ¬â Nursing Times Attending conferences ââ¬â Care show Internet ââ¬â Government websites/ACAS/Academic establishments Mentoring Appraisal Supervision Staff meetings E-learning Training DVDââ¬â¢s Practical demonstrations In house training courses Support by work colleagues ronaldchavez1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/14859671300940522062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3646482285737549849.post-29611345631702477342020-05-05T18:49:00.001-07:002020-05-05T18:49:09.451-07:00Los Angeles Abrasion Test free essay sample The steel reamed wheels of animal driven vehicles also cause considerable abrasion of the road surface. Therefore, the road aggregates should be hard enough to resist abrasion. Resistance to abrasion of aggregate is determined in laboratory by Los Angeles test machine. Many tests have been developed to empirically characterize aggregate properties without, necessarily, strong relationships to the performance of final products incorporating an aggregate. The Los Angeles (L. A. abrasion test is a common test method used to measure of degradation of mineral aggregates of standard grading resulting from a combination of action including abrasion and grinding. The standard Los Angeles abrasion test is ASTM C131: Resistance to degradation of small-size coarse aggregate by abrasion and impact in the Los Angeles Machine. Aggregate abrasion characteristics are important because the constituent aggregate in HMA (Hot Mix Asphalt) must resist crushing, degradation and disintegration in order to produce a high quality HMA. The standard L. We will write a custom essay sample on Los Angeles Abrasion Test or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A abrasion test subjects a coarse aggregate sample (retained on the No. 19. 0 mm sieve) to abrasion, impact, and grinding in a rotating steel drum containing a specified number of steel spheres. As the drum rotates, a self-plate picks up the sample and the steel spheres, carrying them until they are dropped to the opposite site of the drum creating an impact-crushing effect. The contents then roll within the drum with an abrading and grinding action until the self plate impacts and the cycle is repeated. After the prescribed number of revolutions, the contents are emoved from the drum and the aggregate portion is sieved to measure the degradation as percent loss. 2. 0 Objective a) The objective of this test is to ascertain the degradation of aggregates by abrasion and impact. 3. 0 Apparatus/Equipments The apparatus used in this test are : a. Los Angeles abrasion machine (plate 2) b. Sieves (19mm, 12. 5mm, 9. 5mm, 1. 7mm and pan) c. Sieve shaker (plate 3) d. Balance (accurate to 0. 01 g) 3. 1 Picture and the Use of the Equipment Name and picture| Function| Figure 3. 1: L. A abrasion machine| * The L. A. Abrasion Machine is used as a quality control tool for aggregates, including crushed rock, gravel and slag. The testing method determines the degradation when subjected to abrasion, attrition, and impact and grinding. | Figure 3. 2: Sieve Shaker| * Use to shake sieves by subjecting vibration toward them. | Figure 3. 3: Balance| * A balance is used to measure mass to a moderate degree of precision and accuracy. | Figure 3. 4: Sieve| * It is use to separate particles of different sizes. * Each sieve has different size of holes * Usually be used with sieve shaker| . 0 Methodology 4. 1 Procedure Approximately 5000g of aggregates including 2500 à ± 10g of 19 mm to 12. 5 mm sizes and 2500 à ± 10g of 12. 5 mm to 9. 5 mm sizes are used in this test. (Note that this is for aggregates graded mainly between 20 mm and 10 mm size. Sample requirements of other aggregate gradations such as 40 mm to 10 mm, 10 mm to 5 mm, and 5 mm to 2. 5 mm ââ¬â are given in the ASTM and CSA standards. ) This test procedure is explained below: 1. The sample is washed and dried and later the weight is obtained. 2. The sample is placed in L. A. Abrasion Machine. 3. Eleven steel balls are added in the machine. 4. The drum is rotated for about 500 revolutions at 30-33 rpm. 5. After being rotated, the sample is removed from the drum and is sieved on no. 12 sieve. Later the sample that is retained on the sieve is washed and dried at the temperature of 1050C to 1100C. The weight of the sample is taken after the sample is cooling down. 4. 2 Flow Chart 4. 3 Picture of the Procedure 5. 0 Result/Calculation Table 5. 1: Result of LAA test Aggregate Size (mm)| Weight Of Sample Before (g)| Weight Of Sample After Abrasion (g)| Loss (g)| 19 12. 5| 5000 500 2500| 4190| 810| 12. 5 9. 5| | | | Calculation: Weight loss= (Weight of sample before abrasion) ââ¬â (Weight of sample after abrasion) = 5000 ââ¬â 4190 = 810 g = 0. 81 kg Percent loss= (Weight loss / Total weight of sample) x 100 = 8105000 x 100 = 16. 2% lt; 30% (JKR standard requirement) The result obtained in this experiment shows that the percent loss due to degradation of aggregates by abrasi on is 16. 2%. As the percent loss of the sample is below the range of standard requirement of maximum 30% by JKR, thus the sample is suitable to be used for road works. . 0 Discussion 1. In this experiment, 2500 g of aggregate of size between 14 12. 5mm and 12. 5 9. 5mm respectively (total of 5000g) is mixed and poured into the Los Angeles Abrasion machine together with 10 standard steel balls (lack of one from the standard test) and operated for 500 revolutions at 30 33 rpm. After that, the sample is sieved through sieve of size 1. 7 mm and the weight retained is weighted. 2. From the test, the weight loss of the 5000g of sample after abrasion is 810g. It translate into a 16. 2% of loss, which is still within the JKR requirement standard ( ronaldchavez1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/14859671300940522062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3646482285737549849.post-46232913310216721322020-04-12T12:53:00.001-07:002020-04-12T12:53:02.563-07:00Music And Violence Essays - African-American Culture, Gangsta Rap Music And Violence Rap music can be considered a style of art, and a way for the artists to express feelings through their words on paper. However, there are quite a few rap artists that get criticized for their lyrics. In my essay, I want to discuss why rappers use certain lyrics in their music and why people shouldn't believe that it causes violence among the younger generations. People shouldn't censor the music just because of violent, vulgar and abusive messages it promotes to the world. I believe in my own mind, that there is a reason for these types of lyrics that rap artists use and I will simply explain those reasons in this essay. Rap has been called one of the most important music forces to emerge in two decades. It's pounding beats and staccato rhymes exploded on the streets of the urban America in the early 1980s and since have become the theme music and lyrical heart of the vibrant youth culture called hip-hop ( SIRS 1993). There are many different types of rap artist. There are some that talk about money, some talk about righteousness, and the list goes on and on. Every rap artist had their own way of expressing themselves. There are those that talk about sex, drugs, and violence who receive the negative attention( SIRS 1993). People, think this so- called gangster rap is a bad influence on children in the world and that it promotes violence and that it also is abusive to women. Delores Tucker, head of national congress of black women has been among those pressuring different record companies to stop distributing gangster rap music. There were other significant names that participated in this action. Names like Senate Majority leader Bob dole, and former education Secretary William J. Bennett(Surveys, pg. 1). There are some rap artists that have been openly criticized for their lyrics. Rappers like Lil Kim, Too Short, Snoop Doggy Dogg, and a member from "Too Live Crew," named Luke Skywalker. These rap artists in the past have been appointed for the things they say in their music. Lil Kim talks about sex in her music, Too Short talks about drugs, sex, and how much of a pimp he is, and Luke Skywalker talks about girls and sex. The lyrics that these rap artist use in their music might not be suitable for everybody to listen to but I don't think their music should be banned or criticized because you don't have to listen to it if you don't choose to. Rap music, how much influence does it really have on it's youthful listeners? Many, from record company executives to high school students agree that it plays a critical role in the lives of many tans, affecting the way they dance, dress and speak(SIRS 1993). Personally, I feel that rap music is a form of art. I think it takes a great deal of talent to write lyrics that rap artists write, because you have to use metaphors and similes, and at the same time get your point across so the listeners can understand. I give rappers a great deal of credit because I know it took them a long time to get where their at today, and I know it takes a tremendous amount of time to write a song. It's also true and I strongly agree with that rap artists use lyrics that reflect on their childhood and the way they grew up. That could be the reason why gangster rappers and rappers talk about sex, drugs, and violence in their music because that was what they were exposed to through out their life. Rap artists generally write about what they know because it is easier to write about things and situations that you know, and if sex, drugs and violence is what you know about, then you are going to write about situations that involve those subjects. Not just write about them in hopes to cause more violence in our world. Young rap fans caution it is wrong and simplistic to believe music can dictate their actions. Upbringing and circumstance steer a child's behavior, they say, not a record on a turntable or a performer posturing on stage(Newsweek, 1998). There are other reasons why gangster rappers should not be criticized for their lyrics. One reason is that I would rather hear gangster rappers talk about violence on the streets than them actually going out on the streets and participate in the violence. Another reason why rappers shouldn't be criticized is because ronaldchavez1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/14859671300940522062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3646482285737549849.post-78290183917902704052020-03-10T21:38:00.001-07:002020-03-10T21:38:02.762-07:00Childbirth, Childhood and Adolescence in the Middle AgesChildbirth, Childhood and Adolescence in the Middle Ages What do you really know about medieval children? Perhaps no other period of history has more misconceptions associated with it than the Middle Ages. The history of childhood is also full of misconceptions. Recent scholarship has illuminated the lives of medieval children as never before, dispelling many of these misconceptions and replacing them with verifiable facts about life for the medieval child. In this multi-part feature, we explore various facets of medieval childhood, from childbirth through the teen years. Well see that, though the world they lived in was very different, medieval children were in some ways very like the children of today. Introduction to Medieval Childhood In this article, we dissect the concept of childhood in the middle ages and how that influenced the importance of children in medieval society.à Medieval Childbirth and Baptism Discover what childbirth was like in the middle ages for women of all stations and classes and the importance of religious ceremonies like baptism in the Christian world. Surviving Infancy in the Middle Ages The death rate and average lifespan in the middle ages were drastically different from what we see today. Discover what like was like for an infant as well as the realities of child mortality rate and infanticide. The Playful Years of Childhood in the Middle Ages A common misconception about medieval children is that they were treated like adults and expected to behave like adults. Children were expected to do their share of household chores, but play was also a prominent part of medieval childhood.à The Learning Years of Medieval Childhood The teenage years were the time to concentrate more intensely on learning in preparation for adulthood. While not all adolescents had schooling options, in some ways education was the archetypal experience of adolescence. Work and Adolescence in the Middle Ages While medieval teens might have been preparing for adulthood, their lives may have been full of both work and play. Discover the typical life of a teen in the middle ages. ronaldchavez1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/14859671300940522062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3646482285737549849.post-35030786990542894162020-02-23T12:05:00.001-08:002020-02-23T12:05:03.727-08:00Economic principle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 wordsEconomic principle - Essay Example ers by % à China 18.2% United States 11.6% Japan 7.8% Singapore 5.9% Germany 4.6% Thailand 4.2% South Korea 4.0% à China 19% Canada 14% Mexico 12% Japan 6.4% Germany 4.7% à US 14.2 % UAE 11% Saudi Arabia 8.3% UK 6.4% Japan 6 % China 4.8% Source: Unicef, 2013 Answer 1 The percentage of population who are in the labour force has been calculated by taking the total population and the number of people in the workforce. While both in US as well as in Australia the rates of participation in the labour force are 49% for each of the countries with the rate at Australia little higher than that of the United States for Quarter the figure is much higher at 64% (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2013). Answer 2 In case of all the three countries it has been noticed that the percentage of population in the agriculture is extremely low. This is a special characteristic of all the developed nations. As the countries move from the different stages of development the sectoral contributions of t hese countries would vary at each stage. This means that an underdeveloped country would have the majority of the population engaged in the agriculture. On the other hand the developing countries which have crossed the initial stage of development would have industry as the main contributor to the GDP and the maximum participation of the labour force would be in that sector. Finally the most developed countries of the world would have the maximum percentage of people working in the services sector. Thus the high percentage of people engaged in the services sector of USA and Australia, which are 79% and 75% respectively, would prove that these countries are more developed. On the other hand in case of Qatar the percentage of people in the services sector is only 45% while the industrial sector constitutes the major part of the population. Therefore Qatar can be claimed as comparatively less developed than the countries like Australia and the USA. Answer 3 The list of exports of Austr alia compared to that of Qatar is much longer. This is because the country does not have any agricultural produce and therefore it cannot export any agricultural goods to any other country. Petroleum and related products are the main sources of income of the economy of Qatar and the main sources of government revenue and accounts for more than 60% of the GDP of the country. Thus the resources that the Qatar Economy is endowed with are restricted to the industry and the services sector only. Even the contribution of the services sector is limited to 20% only. On the other hand, the Australian economy exports products and services that comprise of all the sectors of the economy. ronaldchavez1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/14859671300940522062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3646482285737549849.post-54351696371429464322020-02-07T04:53:00.001-08:002020-02-07T04:53:02.941-08:00Sustainable Practices in Facilities Management AssignmentSustainable Practices in Facilities Management - Assignment Example Due to increasing environmental concerns worldwide, the governments are under pressure to intervene in the affairs of the society through statutory regulations for streamlining the operations of the general public, local authorities, businesses and other agencies in the backdrop of global warming. ââ¬Å"There is enough for everybodyââ¬â¢s need, but not enough for anybodyââ¬â¢s greedâ⬠ââ¬â Mahatma Gandhi. Nilsson (2008) states ââ¬Å"In the past, the statement (Ibid) might have been overlooked as being a somewhat idealistic point of view, but in the light of climate change, the truth becomes very evidentâ⬠.à Industrial and technological developments leading to air pollution caused by the automobiles, water pollution by industries, depleting water table and deforestation as well as imbalances in ecosystem due to extinction of species necessitates coordinated actions at all levels as the pace of development at the current rate with uninhibited use of precious na tural resources is not sustainable in the long run. The corporate community is expected to rise up to the occasion as they have been primarily responsible in the first place for this deplorable environmental phenomenon in the name of growth and industrial development. Carbon Intensity U.S. and China are the worldââ¬â¢s two largest emitters, and reducing the Carbon intensity by these nations as well as the EU and fast developing countries such as India, Brazil and Russia holds the key for success by the world in climate change. However, the targets are mainly aimed at human induced Carbon-Di-Oxide (CO2) emissions only. However, in a comprehensive approach the need for land reuse, reforestation, biomass fuel cropping, recycling of waste and renewable energy and its perceived effects on ecosystem have also gained attention and lead the socially responsible people including corporate citizens to realize the need for their cooperation and participation, apart from the complex internat ional negotiations starting from Kyoto Protocol. Finamore (2009) states ââ¬Å"a carbon intensity target will require each province and major enterprise to measure, report and reduce their CO2 emissions and energy consumption, year-on-year, acting as a driver for greater efficiency and renewableâ⬠. UK is committed to 80% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2050 at the recent Copenhagen Climate Change Summit in December 2009. à A 2 Z Retailââ¬â¢s total carbon footprint Carbon footprint means the total amount of greenhouse gases produced by an organization (or individual) in its activities, expressed in terms of measurable units of carbon dioxide. The direct greenhouse gas emission by burning fossil fuels for various needs of energy and transportation is called as Primary Footprint. The Secondary Carbon Footprint is the total of the indirect emissions generated in relation to the manufacturing process involving use of several intermediary products, consumables and services. Total carbon footprint in relation to a company is the sum of all emissions of CO2 (carbon dioxide), including Primary and Secondary footprints in a given time frame, calculated usually for a year. The calculation is based on the consumption of different type of fuels by the different activities. For example, for each (UK) liter of Diesel consumed, 2.7 kg carbon dioxide (CO2) is emitted, and for each liter of heating oil, it works out to 3.0 kg. The activities such as travel by train or bus (public transportation) for a distance of 10 to 12 km or by ronaldchavez1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/14859671300940522062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3646482285737549849.post-5415603854892111472020-01-29T04:47:00.001-08:002020-01-29T04:47:03.481-08:00Human resource Management Essay Example for Free Human resource Management Essay Introduction Human resource Management is the method of managing an organisation or a business and is related to employees and planes of a company or an institution. The aims or objectives of an HR are to meet the desires and benefits of the organisation, to make the business to grow and have value and to motivate the employees and to reward them when they perform very well. In the essay below its gone be illustrated all the job and responsibilities of an HR. LO1. The difference between Human Resource Management and Personnel Management 1.1 Human resource Management is a needed function on all the organisations because is the process of hiring and selection of people for the right job by training the candidates and increasing their skills and performance providing appropriate benefits ,inspiring, keeping the safety of the workers by obeying with labour laws . Personnel Management is dedicated to discipline the employees, is taking care of their salaries, training, motivating the employees to perform well, solving arguments between workers and communicating with the employees at all levels.(Business Dictionary 2014). The difference between Human Resource and Personnel Management is that the Personnel Management is that the Personnel Management isà concentrating more on the training of the employees; give them the wages, explaining them the rules of the company and the interests of the employers ,employees processes, job description, checking, writing contracts and explain the rules, while the Human Resource Management is dedicated to the values,objectives,aims,culture,plans,customers,teams,performance of the employees,motivation,rewards and increased the profit of the business.(IQPC 2011) KFC preparation and improvement of the employees is concentrating more on efficacious management and to build strong relationships with the customer. By serving the customer as fast as possible with a large smile on the face the clients have nothing to complain and will come often to visit the restaurant. This can be one of many important duties of a Human resources management or Personnel management the method that can satisfy the customer needs and to respect the people time. 1.2 1.3 The role, responsibilities and duties of the Human Resource Management and Line Managers The Human Resource practitioners they have a vital role in the organisation because they focusing on rules and coordination. The Human Resources Management need to have the capability and knowledge to think out of the box, to engage employees to improve and perform well, to recruit professional and well trained people for all the vacant positions and to have the right wages, with other words the Human Resource Manager must hire the right staff with the right abilities for the right job. His other responsibilities are to plan, improve the success of the company, orientation as well is one of his activities because must help the new staff to adjust to the new job and make sure that the workers know their working hours,wages,benefits and the rules and expectations of the organisation. Planning of the career also is part of the Human Resources Job because must know the potential that his employees have to grow and advance in their careers. Compensation is a task that the Human Resources Manager have to control because in this way knows how many of his employees they perform well and the employees that can do well certain jobs are paid better that other workers. Benefits also are a form of being paid well because of their good performance. The labour relations are a method to interact with the employees which are characterized by trade unions. Trade unions is the voice of a group of employees which are together when they have to take decisions about salaries, compensations, working hours or working conditions and otherà methods or characteristics of working.Recoord keeping is the duty that involves recording ,conserving ,and repossessing employees similar informationââ¬â¢s for difference motivations.(Human Resources Management Functions ) In 2010 KFC concentrated again on developing the business and making the employees feel valuable for the company putting exceptional efforts on developing that method and is accomplished by the business reward package. This programm was design to give bonuses to employees but the performance was the best way to show that they can truly can received by selling more items and by educated with all the customers. Anyway constructing employeeââ¬â¢s capability and knowledge at KFC is a very important plan. (KFC Human resources management to meet emerging business needs 2005-2014) 1.4 Lawful and regulatory request The regulations and the legal regulations that must be respected by the Human Resource Management are: = to give equal opportunities to the employees to work no matter the culture, gender,ethnie,color of the skin, race or sex ,disabilities or age.(Civil Rights Act 1964) =prohibits discrimination (Civil Rights Act 1991) =forbids diverse wage for based on sex for identical work (Civil Rights Act 1963) =discrimination of pregnancy (Civil Act Rights 1978) =sexual harassments prohibited (Civil Rights Act 1980)à (HR Management Laws and Regulations2013) At KFC the staff is always needed being very busy as Mc Donaldââ¬â¢s so the management need to hire enough people in each team or group to have a working time easy and without stress ,so the Human resource management have to know what kind of people to hire no matter their culture are ,or religion,ethnie,age or colour. No discrimination should appear in any of the company. Because employees are working in teams at KFC their conduct must by respectful with other colleagues and disputes between the staff must disappear immediately. Lo3.3.1 Motivational theory and how this impacts the reward system in theà organization. When people go to work they bring with them their personality and individual behaviours. No matter the personââ¬â¢s position in the workplace the personality and behaviour plays a very important role in how that person is completing his duties and interact with others .Theory of Maslow also have an impact on the people at work because explains how the employees desire to perform at work by having a higher position, the need of money, friends, love or sex, sleep, hunger, safety or esteem when they need only the respect of other, no matter that person is. In every company the employees they work only to satisfy a need from the scale of Maslow theory and they perform to achieve that goal no matter what it is. Motivation it refers to the reason that makes as act, perform or even behave. The motivation is guide as to achieve a goal, desire or a purpose. Without motivation we canââ¬â¢t start or finish enithing.On the other hand rewards itââ¬â¢s the thing that keeps you motivate continuously. The rewards can be money, higher position, compensation or even more hours to work or bigger salary. At KFC restaurant the culture, ethnie, colour, religion and age are togheter.The staff can by from Bangladesh, Italy, Pakistan, Poland, and Rumanian and so on. Anyway the characters working together and must have a good conduct and behaviour. When the religion and culture of a person is respected and take it seriously at the workplace that person is motivated and happy to improve his performance and improve companyââ¬â¢s profit as well. Culture is the atmosphere which all of as we functioning all the time, so in fact the culture is something that we ca not see, is in fact the harmony or manifestations in the workplace. Every new staff bring in the company his own culture and attitude or religion. Culture also is recognised by symbols, stories, language, religion, outfits and daily rituals. (KFC Legal terms) 3.2 Job evaluation process and payment factors. Job evaluation process refers to the strategy of a company by estimating the number of the vacancies in the company and when looking for qualified and professional people for a position in the company. The characteristics of job evaluation and the methods that KFC is using to recruit people when a position is vacant: Description of the job and design Presentation Recruitment Selection Training Profession preparation Progression development KFC evaluation process in few steps and methods that the company is using when the candidates are chosen, management must explain to the new personnel what the policies and rules of the company are and below examples of the procedures after selection: 1. The employers must give clear details and working hours to the employee 2. Salary agree and about benefits 3. Tasks and duties of the employee 4. Written contracts as proof of agreement for job between employer and employees 5. Training is a must in all the company because help the staff to perform well and help the company to achieve their goals and purposes 6. Clear conditions of the company (Human resources organisational development and design 01 January 2014) Human resources flow chart and stages to take in order to recruit and select people and how payment of employees and volunteers are made. Identify staff and volunteers needed HR and ManagerAdvertising HR criteria and job description regular hire Permanent hirework hours explained and requirement of skills, knowledge and experience Receive CVClassificationinterviewsnr of candidates chosen and rejected, development of recruiting strategy Selection Benefits of the job explained by Management Hiring (Quality management at Kentucky Fried Chicken) 3.3 Varieties of reward systems Reward systems are the rules, procedures benefits classified by money, extra working hours for those who want or need more hours to make extra, and a higher position in the company and so on. All the employees who are performing well in the company by selling more or making more customers are rewarded by management in the way they need. The reward system is designed to motivate employees to work better and make the organisation improve. How planning a compensation programm: The solutions to implement a compensation program are the following steps: â⬠¢Discovering the organisation or team goals that this program will support to improve the company s profit. â⬠¢Identification of the preferred workers routine or comportments that will strengthen the businessââ¬â¢s aims and the image of the organisation will be a respectful one in the customerââ¬â¢s eyes. â⬠¢Nomination of crucial proportions of the presentation or conduct, founded on the individual or collections earlier realisations Specification of suitable recompenses â⬠¢Announcement of program to workers Then the types of reward system can by: additional benefit, variable pay, stock choices, compensations, more working hours or increase salary, or an advanced position. (Organisational behaviour Ninth Edition by G.I.Moorhead) At KFC the employees are encouraged and motivated to perform well and increased the companyââ¬â¢s profits because are rewarded in terms of promotions, bonuses, higher position, more working hours, higher wages or free lunchtimes or meals. And also when the staffs have more than 5 points that person can receive benefits in money, this called ââ¬Å"My growth bodyâ⬠. (KFC presentation 2013) 3.4 Organisation monitors performance. This is a few steps of monitoring employeeââ¬â¢s performance: Amount means the number of items or goods sold can be the best indicator of performance Timeliness refers to how fast the staff can sell something Non-attendance or unpunctuality no one can perform well as is latte at work. .employees must be on time at the workplace or if is absent Individual presence staff must dree adequately at work Ask feedback from customers can control behaviour of the employees. Controlling the employees is a simple duty but with all these controlling and measuring the employeeââ¬â¢s performance and motivation as well is heavy look from directors, owners and those who control the company. The staffs are the very important tools of all the company s because they are communicating with the customers directly or face to face. Conclusion The Human resources management is a roll that all the companies must have it because is the person which the best know how to control, recruit and select and pay the staff. The training is also his duty because must know and recruit the professional and knowledge people for the right position. All the recruitment, selection, procedures of the organisations are calculated and monitored by Human resource management. REFERENCE LIST Webs Business Dictionary 2014, last acceded on 31/08/2014 http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/personnel-management.html IQPC 2011, last acceded on 31/08/2014 http://www.iqpc.com/redcontent.aspx?id=65816 Human Resource Management Functions, last acceded on 31/08/2014 http://www.whatishumanresource.com/Human-Resource-Management-functions HR Management Laws and Regulations2013, last acceded on 31/08/2014 http://www.cliffsnotes.com/more-subjects/principles-of-management/staffing-and-human-resource-management/hr-management-laws-and-regulations Human resources organisational development and design 01 January 2014 last access on 05/09/14 http://hr.uct.ac.za/usr/hr/job_evaluation_guide.pdf Quality management at Kentucky Fried Chicken http://www.sba.pdx.edu/faculty/melliep/339/QualityMgmtKFC.pdf KFC Human resource management to meet emerging business needs 2005-2014 last access on 05/09/2014 http://www.afrbiz.com.au/case-studies/kfc-human-resources-to-meet-emerging-business-needs.html KFC Legal terms last access on 05/09/2014 ronaldchavez1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/14859671300940522062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3646482285737549849.post-79939490706760203692020-01-21T01:11:00.001-08:002020-01-21T01:11:03.149-08:00Free King Lear Essays: The Unaccommodated Man :: free essay writer The Unaccommodated Man in King Lear In William Shakespeare's King Lear, betrayal is a common event that leads to the downfall of some of the characters. In today's society, there are two main attitudes that are generally taken towards these fallen individuals or unaccommodated men. The first attitude is more of a pessimistic, judgmental attitude. This attitude puts the majority of the blame on the individuals themselves. The individuals are portrayed as being responsible either due to ignorance or laziness, and it is thought that the individuals got themselves into their deprived situation and they can also find their way out. The second view is more optimistic and is usually more merciful and accepting. People taking this stance generally would take pity on the individuals thinking that their unfortunate situation was due to a simple case of bad luck, or that these individuals were taken advantage of or betrayed by others ultimately leaving them accommodated. In King Lear, the characters Lear, Gloucester, and E dgar were all betrayed by family members leading to their unaccommodated lives. Once again you can take the pessimistic, judgmental attitude or the optimistic, merciful attitude. When applied to the characters in King Lear, I choose to take the optimistic, merciful attitude. King Lear was betrayed by his two daughters Goneril and Regan. King Lear wanted to distribute his land according to the amount of love that this daughters had for him. Granted this was an illogical method, his intentions were not to destruct the family and himself. He was also very harsh to Cordelia, but the ultimate event that took place to leave him unaccommodated was the betrayal by Goneril and Regan. Lear put his trust in the wrong people, and it ended up placing him in a horrible situation. Now Lear did not make the smartest decisions, but what wrong did he commit in trusting his two daughters who professed their love for him to provide for his basic needs. "How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is to have a thankless child." ( I, iv,57). Lear voices his frustration with not being able to trust his own family members. Gloucester's downfall was also a case of betrayal. His illegitimate son, Edmond, betrayed him into thinking that Edgar, his legitimate son, was plotting against him. One might say that Gloucester was ignorant in believing Edmond, and that he was illogical in not confronting Edgar. ronaldchavez1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/14859671300940522062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3646482285737549849.post-42187354978419494862020-01-12T21:33:00.001-08:002020-01-12T21:33:03.586-08:00How the Media Affect What People EssayThe standard assertion in most recent empirical studies is that ââ¬Å"media affect what people think about, not what they think. â⬠The findings here indicate the media make a significant contribution to what people thinkââ¬âto their political preferences and evaluationsââ¬âprecisely by affecting what they think about. A he belief that long dominated the scholarly community is that news messages have ââ¬Å"minimal consequencesâ⬠(Katz and Lazarsfeld, 1955; Klapper, 1960). Many media scholars still endorse something close to this view (cf. McGuire, 1985; Gans, n. d. ; Neuman, 1986; also M. Robinson and Sheehan, 1983). The more popular recent view is that media influence is significant, but only in shaping the problems the public considers most importantââ¬âtheir agendas (McCombs and Shaw, 1972). In some respects, agenda research challenges the minimal consequences view, but both approaches share a core assumption. Both assume audiences enjoy substantial autonomy in developing their political preferences. Research contradicting the notion that media have minimal consequences or only influence agendas has emerged during the 1980s (see, e. g. the pioneering yet disparate work of such authors as Bartels, 1985; Patterson, 1980; Iyengar and Kinder, 1987; and Page, Shapiro, and Dempsey, 1987; cf. Rob- The author gratefully acknowledgesfinancialsupport from the John and Mary R. Markle Foundation and the Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin, and thanks this journalââ¬â¢s referees and editors for useful suggestions. JOURNAL OF POLITICS, Vol. 51, No. 2, May 1989 Portions of this article appear in DEMOCRACY WITHOUT CITIZENS: THE MEDIA AND THE DECAY OF AMERICAN POLITICS by Robert M. Entman. à © 1989 by Robert M. Entman. Used by arrangement with Oxford University Press, Inc. 348 Robert M. Entman inson and Levy, 1986). 1 But this burgeoning research has not yet generated a theory that explicitly refutes the assumption of audience autonomy and explains more fully the mediaââ¬â¢s impact on public opinion. This article probes the theoretical underpinnings of the autonomy assumption and provides empirical evidence that media messages significantly influence what the public thinks by shaping what they think about. THE RESEARCH TRADITION The audience autonomy assumption provides the foundation for the minimal consequences position. The assumption is that audiences form their political opinions in relative independence from the media. There are two somewhat distinct variants of this position. The first emphasizes that audiences think about communications selectively, screening out information they do not like (Klapper, I960; cf. McGuire, 1985). The second holds that audiences pay so little attention and understand so little that the news cannot influence them (Neuman, 1986; cf. MacKuen, 1984). 2 In practice, both the selectivity hypothesis and the hypothesis of inattention and incomprehension (hereafter just ââ¬Å"inattentionâ⬠) hold that media messages tend only to reinforce existing preferences rather than helping to form new attitudes or change old ones. Thus the media have little net impact on politics. The central assumption of the more recent agenda setting research has been that media do exert significant influence, but only in a narrow sphere. In this view, the publicââ¬â¢s autonomy is not complete, but its susceptibility to media influence is limited to agendas. Agenda research almost always includes a sentence like this: ââ¬Å"Although a ââ¬Ëminimal effectsââ¬â¢ model most accurately describes the mediaââ¬â¢s ability to change opinions, recent research has shown that the media can play a much larger role in telling us what to think about, if not what to thinkâ⬠(Lau and Erber, 1985, p. 60; almost identical assertions appear throughout the literature, e. g. , McCombs and Shaw, 1972; MacKuen, 1984, pp. 72, 386; and even radical critiques such as Parenti, 1985, p. 23; also see MacKuen and Combs, 1981; Behr and Iyengar, 1985; Miller, Erbring, and Goldenberg, 1979). 3 Agenda scholarship does not provide a comprehensive theory that explains why media influence is confined to agendas, but selecDeFleur and Ball-Rokeachââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"dependency theoryâ⬠(1982) describes an important theoretical alternativ e to the autonomy assumption, but that work predates most of the recent surge in empirical evidence. 2 Neuman (1986, chap. ) grounds his argument in the lack of evidence that media can teach specific information or enhance political sophistication. The concern in this paper is with political evaluations and preferences, which do not require much informationââ¬âoften a simple emotional response will do (cf. Abelson et al. , 1982). A related argument cites the publicââ¬â¢s inability to recall specific stories. But the influence of a single news story or show is rarely of interest. The primary concern is the effect of repeated news messages over time (cf. Graber, 1984). But compare Iyengar and Kinder, 1987, and Protess et al. , 1987, for agenda setting research showing that media influence of agendas also shapes, respectively, the mass publicââ¬â¢s criteria of political judgment and public officialsââ¬â¢ behavior. 1 How the Media Affect What People Think 349 tivity and ina ttention again seem to be key. In the agenda setting view, the media can overcome these barriers in determining the issues people think about but not in shaping how they evaluate issues or candidates (the most explicit discussion is MacKuen, 1984). The problem with the agenda setting position is that the distinction between ââ¬Å"what to thinkâ⬠and ââ¬Å"what to think aboutâ⬠is misleading. Nobody, no force, can ever successfully ââ¬Å"tell people what to think. â⬠Short of sophisticated physical torture (ââ¬Å"brainwashingâ⬠), no form of communication can compel anything more than feigned obeisance. The way to control attitudes is to provide a partial selection of information for a person to think about, or process. The only way to influence what people think is precisely to shape what they think about. No matter what the message, whether conveyed through media or in person, control over othersââ¬â¢ thinking can never be complete. Influence can be exerted through selection of information, but conclusions cannot be dictated. If the media (or anyone) can affect what people think aboutââ¬âthe information they processââ¬âthe media can affect their attitudes. This perspective yields an assumption of interdependence: public opinion grows out of an interaction between media messages and what audiences make of them. I will call this the ââ¬Å"interdependence model. The competing positions, the minimal consequences and the agenda perspectives, both endorse the assumption that audiences form preferences autonomously. I will call this the ââ¬Å"autonomy model. â⬠INFORMATION PROCESSING AND MEDIA IMPACTS Combining a recognition of the interdependence of audiences and media with information-processing models developed by cognitive psychologists may offer the best foundation for a new understanding (cf. Graber, 1984; Kraus and Perloff, 1985). There is no consensus among those who study information processing. But a number of generalizations pertinent to the mass mediaââ¬â¢s impacts can be gleaned from their work. Information-processing research shows that people have cognitive structures, called ââ¬Å"schemas,â⬠4 which organize their thinking. A personââ¬â¢s system of schemas stores substantive beliefs, attitudes, values, and preferences (cf. Rokeach, 1973) along with rules for linking different ideas. The schemas ââ¬Å"direct attention to relevant information, guide its interpretation and evaluation, provide inferences when information is missing or ambiguous, and facilitate its retentionâ⬠(Fiske and Kinder, 1981, p. 73). Schemas are not filters used to select out all unfamiliar or uncomfortable information. As Bennett writes, ââ¬Å"[I]nformation processing constructs [i. e. schemas] like party identification and ideological categories should not be reScholars have used many other terms, including ââ¬Å"scripts,â⬠ââ¬Å"inferential sets,â⬠ââ¬Å"frames,â â¬â¢ and ââ¬Å"prototypes. â⬠While there are subtle differences among them, they need not concern us here. The term schema is as good as any, and for clarityââ¬â¢s sake I use the English plural ââ¬Å"schemasâ⬠instead of the awkward ââ¬Å"schemata. 4 350 Robert M. Entman garded as rigid cognitive frameworks that work infixedways to screen out unfamiliar informationâ⬠(Bennett, 1981, p. 91). Certainly people fail to think about much of the news, but not necessarily because they choose only congruent messages, or because they inevitably misunderstand or deliberately ignore media reports. Selectivity and inattention are stressed by the autonomy model, but that model fails to explain why many citizens do think about a great deal of the new information they encounter. Information-processing theory recognizes and helps explain how attitudes emerge from a dynamic interaction of new information with peoplesââ¬â¢ existing beliefs. In Bennettââ¬â¢s (1981, p. 92) words, political thought is ââ¬Å"data-drivenâ⬠by external information and ââ¬Å"conceptually-drivenâ⬠by internal schemas. Information-processing theory suggests that whether people ignore or pay attention to new information depends more on its salience, on whether it meshes with their interests, than on whether it conflicts with their existing beliefs (Markus and Zajonc, 1985, pp. 162 and passim; Kinder and Sears, 1985, pp. 710-12). While people may resist knowledge that challenges their fundamental values (Axelrod, 1973), most can accommodate new information and even hold a set of specific beliefs that may appear dissonant, contradictory, or illogical to an outsider (cf. Lane, 1962). The explicit model of thinking that cognitive psychologists have been putting together thus contradicts the implicit model in much of media research. Rather than resisting or ignoring most new or dissonant media reports, as the autonomy model assumes, the information-processing view predicts that people are susceptible to significant media effects. In the information-processing perspective, a person first assesses a media report for salience. If salient, the person processes the news according to routines established in the schema system. Processing may lead the person either to store the information or discard it; if stored, the information may stimulate new beliefs or change old beliefs. So selectivity and inattention are not the whole story. Often people may screen out information that contradicts their current views; but other times they think about disturbing reports they find relevant. The notion of an audience that actively resists all potentially conflicting information rests upon an assumption of a deeply involved and knowledgeable citizenry, a vision that does not apply to most people (e. g. , Converse and Markus, 1979; Kinder and Sears, 1985). Common sense suggests it takes more information and time to change the minds of strong adherents than weak ones, but sometimes even loyalists do change. When the implications are not obviousââ¬âfor example when the information is contained in the form of a subtle slant to the news (see Entman, 1989, chap. )ââ¬âthe probability increases that even activists will store conflicting data without experiencing any immediate dissonance. And while it may take many repetitions of a media message to pierce the publicââ¬â¢s indubitable haze of neglect and distraction, this very same political indifference may enhance the likelihood that messages which do penetrate How the Media Affect What People Think 351 will have an im pact. Just because on most matters Americans have so little knowledge and such weakly-anchored beliefs, information provided by the media can significantly shape their attitudes. Not only do the majority of audience members lack detailed, expert knowledge or strong opinions (cf. Fiske, Kinder, and Larter, 1983); sometimes there are no old attitudes to defend. Many of the most significant political contests are played out over emerging issues or leaders; audiences do not have set attitudes toward them. That clears the path for significant media influence. TESTING MEDIA INFLUENCE Identification as liberal, moderate, or conservative is a key component of the political schema system that much of the public applies to political information. Ideological leanings affect responses to specific media eports; different identifiers may read the same message differently. This is why the media, in common with all other sources of information, cannot dictate public views and why an interdependence model seems appropriate. The interdependence model predicts that media influence varies according to the way each person processes specific news messages. Instead of treating ideo logy as a tool people use to screen out reports that conflict with their liberalism or conservatism, the model sees ideology as a schema that influences the use people make of media messages in more complicated ways. The interaction between the attributes of the message and the schemas of the audience shapes the impact of the news. One element of this interdependence is message salience, which may vary among the ideological groups. Stories that interest liberals may bore conservatives; items that intrigue ideologues on either side may not interest moderates, who have few strong beliefs. Another aspect of interdependence involves whether the message is relevant to peripheral or central attitudes. The centrality of a message may vary for different groups, since liberals and conservatives appear to structure their ideas distinctively. Central to liberalism is attachment to ideals of change and equality; central to conservatism is attraction to capitalism (Conover andj^eldman, 1981). The two groups probably process some media messages^differently. This decidedly does not mean liberals, for example, screen out all material that challenges liberalism. Consider an editorial praising the ideal of capitalist markets and proposing to make the post office a private enterprise. While the message conflicts with liberal ideology, it does so peripherally, since government ownership of public utilities is not fundamental to American liberalism. The message may not only bolster conservatism among conservatives, but weaken liberalsââ¬â¢ commitment to liberalism, if only at the margin. Another point of interdependence involves whether the message comes from an editorial, with its overtly persuasive intent, or from a news story that is ostensibly designed merely to inform. Conservatives may be more likely 352 Robert M. Entman o screen out editorial than news items that favor the left, since the slant of news may not be obvious. Afinalaspect of interdependence lies in how new or unfamiliar the reported topic is. All else being equal, the less familiar the object of the news, the less likely a person will respond by fitting the report into an established category and maintaining a set attitude. Where the subject of the news is unfamiliar to all sets of ideological identifiers, all will be susceptible to media influence. Four hypotheses emerge from this use of information processing theory to develop an interdependence model of media influence. They are not all the hypotheses that merit exploration, but they are the ones that can be tested with the data available, and they should provide support for the superiority of the interdependence over the autonomy model. Hypothesis #1: Editorials affect ideological identifiers more than moderates. Those identifying as liberals or conservatives are likely to find ideologically-charged editorial messages salient. Those with less-focused commitments, the moderates, may not find ideological editorials relevant. Hypothesis #2: Liberal editorials should exert a leftward push on those attitudes of conservatives not central to their ideology. Hypothesis #3: Editorial content has stronger effects on new subjects of news coverage than on long-familiar ones. Hypothesis #4: News affects beliefs among liberals, moderates, and conservatives alike. People will tend to screen out news messages less than editorials. Shaped by objectivity rules, news stories are designed to appear neutral to audiences (e. g. , Schudson, 1978; Tuchman, 1978; Molotch and Boden, 1985). The appearance of neutrality may soften the audienceââ¬â¢s defenses. DATA The dataset combines a national survey on Americansââ¬â¢ political attitudes from 1974 and 1976 with information on the political content of the newspapers read by respondents. The 1974 Michigan Content Analysis Study provides extensive information on the front page news and editorial page content of ninety-two newspapers throughout the country. The total number of news and editorial items employed here is nearly 18,000. 5 The content information (Institute for Social Research, 1978) is matched to data from a representative national survey, the University of Michigan Center for Political Studies poll of 1974. The sample analyzed consists of those who were surveyed and read à ° The study included ninety-six newspapers, of which four had incomplete data; readers of those four were excluded from the analysis. How the Media Affect What People Think 353 one of the ninety-two newspapers included in the Content Analysis Study, a total weighted sample of 1,292 persons. 6 Excluded were those who did not read a paper (approximately 30% of those surveyed) or who read papers for which no data were collected. 7 The content data were gathered for ten days during October and November, 1974. Even though the data were obtained over a short time period, a check suggests they accurately reflect the typical stands of the papers. For example, among the ninety-two newspapers, the Washington Post scores higher in editorial liberalism than the (defunct) Washington Star; the New York Daily News scores to the right of the New York Times, and so forth. 8 In any case, while far from perfect, the dataset is the most comprehensive collection linking media content to peoplesââ¬â¢ attitudes. One measure of newspaper content taps diversity in news stories, the other liberalism in editorials. I expect both aspects of the newspaperââ¬â¢s message to encourage opinions to move toward more sympathy with liberal politicians, 6 The actual number of people interviewed was 1,575. The answers of some members of the sample were counted three times to make a weighted sample of 2,523. This was done in order to ensure adequate representation in the sample of sparsely populated areas of the count ry. Thus, the weighted sample is the most representative. 7 The demographics of the final reader subsample closely parallel those of the 1974 national cross section as a whole. The mean education of the entire original sample, including non-readers (n = 2,523), is 11. 5 years, the mean of the sample analyzed (n = 1,292) is 12. 2; the mean income, about $11,000 versus $12,000. On other demographic and political characteristics, the two groups are virtually identical. 8 Further enhancing confidence in the validity of the content measures is their use in such important studies as Erbring, Goldenberg, and Miller, 1980. 9 Each editorial item was coded for zero, one, or two assertions favoring or opposing liberal and conservative policy stands. The editorial liberalism index is a percentage formed by first counting the number of times a paper endorsed a liberal position or opposed a conservative position, then subtracting assertions favoring conservative or derogating liberal stands. The result was divided by twice the number of editorial items, since each item was coded for up to two liberal or conservative assertions. The higher the score, the more liberal the editorial page. This index uses variables 21 and 28 in the CPS Media Content Analysis Study 1974. A second measure employed data on news (variables 27 and 34 in the CPS study). The news diversity measure taps a dimension of news slant that audiences are less likely to screen than editorial liberalism. Like most aspects of news slant, it is a subtle trait of reporting that few audience members would notice. The front page news items were coded for mention of zero, one, or two problems. For each problem mention, coders noted whether two different actors overtly disagreed with each other. Each news item was coded as having zero, one, or two instances of two actors asserting different points of view. The diversity index is the number of times two actors expressed different positions divided by twice the number of stories. The higher the score, the more diversity of news. Examples of the actors coded in this variable include Gerald Ford, Richard Nixon, Nelson Rockefeller, Democratic Party, Republican candidates, and business leaders. Thus, a story might concern inflation and unions, and might contain opposing assertions by Gerald Ford and a Democratic Senate candidate on both the causes of inflation and the value of unions. The story would be coded 2 for one disagreement on each of the two problems. If the two actors agreed (or voiced no opinions) on unions but disagreed on inflation, the code would be 1. If they agreed on both or neither agreed nor disagreed, the code would be 0. 354 Robert M. Entman groups, and ideas. The basis for predicting that news diversity moves audiences leftward is that the majority of local newspapers appear to promote a generally Republican and conservative perspective (cf. Bagdikian, 1974; Radolf, 1984). Their editorial and perhaps news inclinations do not favor liberalism. All else being equal, I believe those papers with higher diversity probably provide more information that challenges the conservative editorial baseline. In addition, the mere presence of conflicting views in the news may convey an awareness of the diversity of the country, including its variety of races, economic classes, and viewpoints. Such consciousness may promote tolerance of change, and empathy for positions or groups that challenge the status quo. 0 Diversity may also undermine authority by conveying the impression that a range of ideas is plausible, that the existing distribution of power, wealth, and status is not immutable. As for the other content measure, while many readers no doubt skip editorial pages, Bagdikian (1974) shows that the editorial perspective tends to be mirrored in news slant. The editorial liberalism index may indirectly reflect the political tendency of news coverage. The survey incl uded ââ¬Å"feeling thermometerâ⬠questions. Interviewers asked respondents to express their feelings toward several well-known groups and politicians. Respondents chose numbers ranging from ââ¬Å"0â⬠for the coldest feelings, through ââ¬Å"100â⬠for the warmest, with ââ¬Å"50â⬠meaning neutral or mixed feelings. I constructed five attitude indexes using factor analysis. 11 The Liberal Feelings Jndex combined ratings of Edward Kennedy, Hubert Humphrey, liberals, Democrats, and unions. The Radical Feelings Index consisted of thermometer ratings of radical students, black militants, civil rights leaders, and policemen. The Poor Feelings Index tapped thermometers of poor people, blacks, and George Wallace. The Republican Feelings Index was created from ratings of Gerald Ford, Richard Nixon, and Republicans. Finally, the Conservative Feelings Index rated big business, the military, and conservatives. 12 The Michigan survey also asked respondents for their stands on government guaranteed jobs; dealing with urban unrest by solving the problems of unemployment and poverty; protecting legal rights of those accused of crimes; A competing hypothesis might be that diversity challenges initial viewpoints, so that it would promote conservatism among liberals and vice versa. That idea is not borne out by the data. Diversity is consistently associated with more liberal views. 1 ââ¬Ë Surveys are described in Institute for Social Research, 1979. All feeling thermometers were classified on their face for relevance to the liberal-conservative continuum. Pertinent items received varimax factor analysis. Five factors had eigenvalues greater than 1. 0. Indexes added together scores on all feeling thermometer responses loading above . 40 on a factor. In two cases, items loaded more than . 40 on two factors; these were included on their highest loaded index. All dependent variable attitude indexes used in this paper have Cronbach Alpha reliability scores greater than . 80. 12 Policemen and Wallace loaded negatively on their respective factors. The feeling thermometer responses to each were subtracted from the sum of the other items in forming the indexes. 10 How the Media Affect What People Think 355 busing to achieve racial balance; the Equal Rights Amendment; integration of schools; government aid to minorities; and self-placement on the liberalconservative spectrum. 3 Using factor analysis again, all but one of the responses (to the ERA) were associated together and became the Policy Preferences Index. Twofinalvariables come from readers of sampled papers who participated in surveys during both 1974 and 1976. Their responses in 1976 provide an opportunity to check for media impacts on feelings toward a previously unknown presidential candidate, Jimmy Carter (Carter Index), and on presidential vote (Vote76). FINDINGS Testing the four p redicted media effects requires probing for impacts of editorial liberalism and news diversity on the seven attitudes and on presidential vote. Regression analysis enables us to see whether, with all else equal, readers of more liberal or diverse papers exhibit more liberal attitudes and voting behavior. Editorial liberalism taps the persuasive element of the newspaper, or, in agenda-setting terms, the aspect of the paper that attempts to ââ¬Å"tell people what to think. â⬠News diversity taps the putatively informational element that only ââ¬Å"tells people what to think about. â⬠The interdependence model holds that both editorials and news provide information to think about and thereby influence attitudes, whether intentionally or not. If selectivity or inattention precludes media influence, or if the effect is limited to agendas, the regressions should reveal no significant associations between attitudes and newspaper content. 14 Table 1 summarizes regression results for the impacts of newspaper content on the beliefs of the entire sample of readers. The feeling thermometers are coded from 0 to 100 so that higher scores are warmer (more favorable). The higher the policy preferences score, the more conservative the responses. Vote76 is 1 for Carter, 0 for Ford, so higher scores indicate voting for Carter. The regressions include the following additional variables to control for forces that might also influence attitudes: urban-rural place of residence; age; years of education; family income; race; region; party identification; and ideological self-identification. 15 The impacts of these non-media variables follow expecVariables 2265, 2273, 2281, 2288, 2296, 2302, and 2305 in the 1974 NES Codebook. Although partisanship and ideology are not truly interval variables, the results of the regressions suggest that it is quite reasonable to treat them as such. 15 These variables are coded as follows. Age: coded in years; non-South: 1 = North or West, 0 = South; income: coded in thousands; party i. d. : 7-point scale, 0 = strong Democrat, 3 = independent, 6 = strong Republican; urbanized: 1 = urban, suburban, 0 = rural; white race: 1 = white, 0 = nonwhite; education: coded in years; policy preferences index: adding six 7-point scales, so range is 6 = most liberal, 42 = most conservative; and ideology identification: 1 = most liberal, 4 = middle of the road or donââ¬â¢t know, 7 = most conservative. On the latter, note 14 13 356 Robert M. Entman tations, which bolsters confidence in the validity of the attitude measures. For a full display of coefficients for all independent variables, see Entman, 1987). Multicollinearity among the independent variables is not a problem. Of the forty-five intercorrelations, only three exceed . 20. The strongest was between education and income (r = . 357). Table 1 shows that the more editorially liberal the paper, the more warmly their readers re spond on the Liberal Feelings Index. This relationship suggests that editorial liberalism influences the publicââ¬â¢s evaluations of key leaders and groups associated with the liberal coalition: in this case, Hubert Humphrey, Edward Kennedy, Democrats, unions, and liberals. ronaldchavez1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/14859671300940522062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3646482285737549849.post-81570806728151288192020-01-04T17:57:00.001-08:002020-01-04T17:57:02.964-08:00Panhellenic Games in Ancient Greece ronaldchavez1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/14859671300940522062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3646482285737549849.post-60985489526869872142019-12-27T14:23:00.001-08:002019-12-27T14:23:02.432-08:00The Great Depression Of The 1930s - 1844 Words It is common knowledge that the 1930s was the time of the worst economic downturn the world has ever seen. The Great Depression, which lasted for ten years, facilitated discontent among various ethnic groups, genders and occupations. 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California appeared to be a golden opportunity; a chance to make a fresh start in a region full of potential prosperity. However, time would prove to tell that this would not be the case. The already marginalised farmers were further marginalised. In Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck presents his opinionsShow MoreRelatedThe Great Depression Of The 1930s999 Words à |à 4 PagesThe Great Depression of the 1930s is notably one of the greatest crises of American history. During this time frame the American economy collapsed in great part because of factors such as the existence of massive wealth inequality, the dust bowl that started in the Great Plains, and the rampant business speculation of the 1920ââ¬â¢s. These factors helped turn an awful economic depression into what would be called an all-out social crisis. 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Keynes theorized that during ronaldchavez1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/14859671300940522062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3646482285737549849.post-21246662902118308662019-12-19T10:12:00.001-08:002019-12-19T10:12:03.436-08:00The Rise and Fall of Enron - 1532 Words Most of the world has heard of Enron, the American, mega-energy company that ââ¬Å"cooked their booksâ⬠( ) and cost their investors billions of dollars in lost earnings and retirement funds. While much of the controversy surrounding the Enron scandal focused on the losses of investors, unethical practices of executives and questionable accounting tactics, there were many others within close proximity to the turmoil. It begs the question- who was really at fault and what has been done to prevent it from happening again? The story of Enron begins in 1985, with the merger of two pipeline companies, orchestrated by a man named Kenneth L. Lay (1). In its 15 years of existence, Enron expanded its operations to provide products and services in the areas of electricity, natural gas as well as communications (9). Through its diversification, Enron would become known as a corporate America darling (9) and Fortune Magazineââ¬â¢s most innovative company for 5 years in a row (10). They reported extraordinary profits in a short amount of time. For example, in 1998 Enron shares were valued at a little over $20, while in mid-2000, those same shares were valued at just over $90 (10), the all-time high during the companyââ¬â¢s existence (9). Though the numbers looked good, the process behind them was questionable. Unbeknownst to many, Jeff Skilling, a top Enron executive, was able to persuade the SEC and their accounting firm, Arthur Anderson Company, to approve the use of mark-to-marketShow MoreRelatedThe Rise And Fall Of Enron1008 Words à |à 5 PagesIntroduction Enron began as an energy company in 1985. 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Enronââ¬â¢s fall cost its investors $35,948,344,993.501, and forced the government to intervene by passing the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) 2 in 2002. SOX was put in place as a safeguard against fraud by making executives personally responsible for any fraudulent activity, as well as making audits and financial checks more frequent and rigorous. As a result, SOX allows investors to feel more at ease, knowing that it is highly unlikely ronaldchavez1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/14859671300940522062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3646482285737549849.post-15065542622327123482019-12-11T06:55:00.001-08:002019-12-11T06:55:04.251-08:00Prospectus of bsrm steels limited free essay sample Declarations and due diligence certificates Declaration about the responsibility of the Directors including the CEO of the Company in respect of the prospectus Consent of the Directors to Serve Declaration about filing of prospectus with the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies Firms Due Diligence Certificate of Manger to the Issue Due Diligence Certificate of the Underwriter(s) Risk factors management perceptions about the risks Capital structure Use of IPO proceeds Description of business Back ground of the project Important date Nature of business Principal products and services The Rolling Process Market for the BSRMS Products Relative contribution to income Associate subsidiary/related holding company Distribution of products/services Sources and availability of raw materials and principal suppliers Competitive condition of business Sources of and requirement for power, gas and water or any other utilities Customer providing 10% or more revenues Contract with principal customers and suppliers Material patents, trademarks, license or royalty agreements Number of employees (as per audited accounts) Capacity and current utilization of facility Description of property Financial Condition and Plan of Operation Internal and external sources of fund (as per audited accounts) Material commitment for capital expenditure Causes for material changes Seasonal aspect of the Companyââ¬â¢s business Known trends, events or uncertainties Change in the assets of the Company used to pay off any liabilities Loan taken from holding/parent company or subsidiary company Loan given to holding/parent company or subsidiary company Future contractual liabilities Future capital expenditure VAT, income tax, customs duty or other tax liability Operating lease agreement Financial lease and other financial commitment Personnel related scheme Revaluation of assets Breakdown of issue expenses Auditors certificate regarding any allotment of shares to promoters or Sponsor shareholders for consideration other than in cash -5- Page No 7 7 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 13 15 15 15 15 15 15 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 Issuer Issue Managers à ¦ à ¦ à ¦ Alliance Financial Services Limited BSRM Steels Limited South Asia Capital Limited Item Transactions with subsidiary/holding company or associate companies Material information which is likely to have an impact Directors and officers Information regarding directorship Directors involvement in other organization Family relationship among directors and top five officers Short bio-data of the directors Credit information Bureau (CIB) report Description of senior executive and departmental heads Involvement of Directors and officers in certain legal proceedings Certain Relationships and Related Transactions Transaction with related parties Directors facilities Executive compensation Remuneration paid to top five salaried officers Aggregate amount of remuneration paid to directors and officers (as audited accounts) Remuneration paid to Director who was not an officer Future compensation to Director or officers Pay increase intention Options granted to Directors, officers and employees Transaction with the Directors and subscribers to the Memorandum Tangible assets per share Ownership of the Companyââ¬â¢s securities Composition of Shareholders Share hold by Directors Shareholding structure 5% or more as on 30 April 2008 Securities owned by the officers Determination of offering price Market for the securities being offered Declaration about listing of shares with Stock Exchange Trading and settlement Description of Securities outstanding or being offered Dividend, voting, pre-emption rights Conversion and liquidation rights Dividend policy Other rights of shareholders Debt securities Lock-in on sponsors share Refund of subscription money Subscription by and refund to non-resident Bangladeshi (NRB) Availability of securities Offer Application for subscription Allotment Underwriting of shares Principal terms and conditions of underwriting agreement Underwriterââ¬â¢s right to represent in the Board of Directors of the Company Auditors report to the shareholders Audited Financial Statements Auditors report under section 135(1), Para 24(1) of part II of schedule III to Companies Act, 1994 Ratio Analysis Additional disclosures as required by Securities and Exchange Commission Credit rating report of BSRMS Application forms -6- Page No 23 23 23 23 24 25 26 26 27 27 27 27 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 29 29 29 29 29 29 30 30 30 30 31 31 31 31 31 31 32 32 32 36 36 36 36 37 38 38 38 38 39 40 54 55 57 59 76 Issuer Issue Managers à ¦ à ¦ à ¦ Alliance Financial Services Limited BSRM Steels Limited South Asia Capital Limited Disclosure in respect of issuance of security in Demat Form As per provision of the Depository Act, 1999 and regulations made there under, shares will only be issued in dematerialized condition. We will write a custom essay sample on Prospectus of bsrm steels limited or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All transfer/transmission/splitting will take place in the Central Depository Bangladesh Ltd. (CDBL) system and any further issuance of shares (right/bonus) will be issued in dematerialized form only. Conditions under Section 2CC of the Securities and Exchange Ordinance, 1969 Part A 1. The company shall go for Initial Public Offer (IPO) for 20,00,000 ordinary shares of Taka 100 (taka one hundred) each at par worth Taka 20,00,00,000 (Taka twenty crore) only following the Securities and Exchange Commission (Public Issue) Rules, 2006, the Depository Act, 1999 and regulations made there under. 2. The abridged version of the prospectus, as approved by the Commission, shall be published by the issuer in four national daily newspapers (in two Bangla and two English), within 03 (three) working days of issuance of this letter. The issuer shall post the full prospectus vetted by the Securities and Exchange Commission in the issuerââ¬â¢s website and shall also put on the websites of the Commission, stock exchanges, and the issue managers within 03 (three) working days from the date of issuance of this letter which shall remain posted till the closure of the subscription list. The issuer shall submit to SEC, the stock exchanges and the issue managers a diskette containing the text of the vetted prospectus in ââ¬Å"MS -Wordâ⬠format. 3. Sufficient copies of prospectus shall be made available by the issuer so that any person requesting a copy may receive one. A notice shall be placed on the front of the application form distributed in connection with the offering, informing that interested persons are entitled to a prospectus, if they so desire, and that copies of prospectus may be obtained from the issuer and the issue managers. The subscription application shall indicate in bold type that no sale of securities shall be made, nor shall any money be taken from any person, in connection with such sale until twenty five days after the prospectus has been published. 4. The company shall submit 40 (forty) copies of the printed prospectus to the Securities and Exchange Commission for official record within 5 (Five) working days from the date of publication of the abridged version of the prospectus in the newspaper. 5. The issuer company and the issue managers shall ensure transmission of the prospectus, abridged version of the prospectus and relevant application forms for NRBs through e-mail, simultaneously with publication of the abridged version of the prospectus, to the Bangladesh Embassies and Missions abroad and shall also ensure sending of the printed copies of abridged version of the prospectus and application forms to the said Embassies and Missions within five working days of the publication date by express mail service (EMS) of the postal department. A compliance report shall be submitted in this respect to the SEC jointly by the issuer and the issue managers within two working days from the date of said dispatch of the prospectus the forms. 6. The paper clipping of the published abridged version of the prospectus, as mentioned at condition 2 above, shall be submitted to the Commission within 24 hours of the publication thereof. 7. The company shall maintain separate bank account(s) for collecting proceeds of the Initial Public Offering and shall also open FC account(s) to deposit the application money of the Non-Resident Bangladeshis (NRBs) for IPO purpose, and shall incorporate full particulars of said FC account(s) in the prospectus. The company shall open the abovementioned accounts for IPO purpose; and close these accounts after refund of over-subscription. Non- Resident Bangladeshi (NRB) means Bangladeshi citizens staying abroad including all those who have dual citizenship (provided they have a valid Bangladeshi passport) or those, whose foreign passport bear a stamp from the concerned Bangladesh Embassy to the effect that no visa is required to travel to Bangladesh. 8. The issuer company shall apply to all the stock exchanges in Bangladesh for listing within 07(seven) working days from the date of issuance of this letter and shall simultaneously submit the vetted prospectus with all exhibits, as submitted to SEC, to the stock exchanges. 9. The following declaration shall be made by the company in the prospectus, namely: ââ¬Å"Declaration about Listing of Shares with the Stock Exchange(s): None of the stock exchange(s), if for any reason, grants listing within 75 days from the closure of subscription, any allotment in terms of this prospectus shall be void and the company shall refund the subscription money within fifteen days from the date of refusal for listing by the stock exchanges, or from the date of expiry of the said 75 (seventy five) days, as the case may be. In case of non -refund of the subscription money within the aforesaid fifteen days, the company directors, in addition to the issuer company, shall be collectively and severally liable for refund of the subscription money, with interest at the rate of 2% (two percent) per month above the bank rate, to the subscribers concerned. -7- Issuer Issue Managers à ¦ à ¦ à ¦ Alliance Financial Services Limited BSRM Steels Limited South Asia Capital Limited The issue managers, in addition to the issuer company, shall ensure due compliance of the above mentioned conditions and shall submit compliance report thereon to the Commission within seven days of expiry of the aforesaid fifteen days time period allowed for refund of the subscription money. â⬠10. The subscription list shall be opened and the sale of securities commenced after 25 (twenty five) days of the publication of the abridged version of the prospectus and shall remain open for 5 (Five) consecutive banking days. 11. A non-resident Bangladeshi shall apply either directly by enclosing a foreign demand draft drawn on a bank payable at Dhaka, or through a nominee by paying out of foreign currency deposit account maintained in Bangladesh or in Taka, supported by foreign currency encashment certificate issued by the concerned bank, for the value of securities applied for through crossed bank cheque marking ââ¬Å"Account Payee onlyâ⬠. The NRB applicants shall send applications to the issuer company within the closing date of the subscription so as to reach the same to the company by the closing date plus nine days. Applications received by the company after the above time period will not be considered for allotment purpose. 12. The company shall apply the spot buying rate (TT clean) in US Dollar, UK Pound Sterling and Euro of Sonali Bank, which shall be mentioned in the Prospectus, as prevailed on the date of opening of the subscription for the purpose of application of the NRBs and other non-Bangladeshi persons, where applicable. 13. The company and the issue managers shall ensure prompt collection/clearance of the foreign remittances of NRBs and other non-Bangladeshis, if applicable, for allotment of shares. 14. Upon completion of the period of subscription for securities the issuer and the issue managers shall jointly provide the Commission and the stock exchanges with the preliminary status of the subscription within 05 (five) working days, in respect of the following matters, namely: (a) Total number of securities for which subscription has been received; (b) Amount received from the subscription; and (c) Amount of commission paid to the banker to the issue. 15. The issuer and the issue managers shall jointly provide the Commission and the stock exchanges the list of valid and invalid applicants in 2 (two) CDs and final status of subscription to the Commission within 3 (three) weeks after the closure of the subscription along with bank statement (original), branch-wise subscription statement. The list of valid and invalid applicants shall be finalized after examination with the CDBL in respect of BO accounts and particulars thereof. 16. The IPO shall stand cancelled and the application money shall be refunded immediately (but not later than 5 (Five) weeks from the date of the subscription closure) if any of the following events occur: (a) Upon closing of the subscription list it is found that the total number of valid applications (in case of under subscription including the number of the underwriter) is less than the minimum requirement as specified in the listing regulations of the stock exchange(s) concerned; or (b) At least 50% of the IPO is not subscribed. 17. 10% of total public offering shall be reserved for non-resident Bangladeshi (NRB) and 10% for mutual funds and collective investment schemes registered with the Commission, and the remaining 80% shall be open for subscription by the general public. In case of under subscription under any of the 10% categories mentioned above, the unsubscribed portion shall be added to the general public category and, if after such addition, there is over subscription in the general public category, the issuer and the issue managers shall jointly conduct an open lottery of all the applicants added together. 18. All the applicants shall first be treated as applied for one minimum market lot of 50 shares worth Tk. 5000/-. If, on this basis, there is over subscription, then lottery shall be held amongst the applicants allocating one identification number for each application, irrespective of the application money. In case of over-subscription under any of the categories mentioned hereinabove, the issuer and the issue managers shall jointly conduct an open lottery of all the applications received under each category separately in presence of representatives from the issuer, the stock exchanges and the applicants, if there be any. 19. An applicant cannot submit more than two applications, one in his/her own name and another jointly with another person. In case an applicant makes more than two applications, all applications will be treated as invalid and will not be considered for allotment purpose. In addition, whole or part of application money may be forfeited by the Commission. -8- Issuer Issue Managers à ¦ à ¦ à ¦ Alliance Financial Services Limited BSRM Steels Limited South Asia Capital Limited 20. The primary shares allotted to an applicant through IPO may be forfeited by SEC, if the BO account of the said applicant is found closed at the time of allotment of shares. All IPO applicants are required to keep their BO accounts operational till allotment of IPO shares. 21. Lottery (if applicable) shall be held within 4 (four) weeks from closure of the subscription date. 22. The company shall issue share allotment letters to all successful applicants within 5 (five) weeks from the date of the subscription closing date. Within the same time, Refund to the unsuccessful applicants shall be made in the currency in which the value of securities was paid for by the applicants without any interest through Account Payee Cheque/ refund warrants with bank account number, bankââ¬â¢s name and Branch as indicated in the securities application forms payable at Dhaka/ Chittagong/ Khulna/ Rajshahi/ Barisal/ Sylhet/ Bogra, as the case may be subject to condition 19 above. Refund money of the unsuccessful applicants shall be credited directly to their respective bank accounts with in 5 (five) weeks from the date of the subscription closing, who have mentioned in the IPO application forms, bank account numbers with the bankers to the issue and other banks as disclosed in the prospectus. A compliance report in this regard shall be submitted to the Commission within 6(six) weeks from the date of closure of subscription. 23. The company shall furnish the List of Allotees to the Commission and the stock exchange(s) simultaneously in which the shares will be listed, within 24 (twenty four) hours of allotment. 24. In the event of under-subscription of the public offering, the unsubscribed portion of securities shall be taken up by the underwriter(s) (subject to para -16 above). The issuer must notify the underwriter to take up the underwritten shares within 10 (ten) days of the subscription closing date on full payment of the share money within 15(fifteen) days of the issuerââ¬â¢s notice. The underwriter shall not share any underwriting fee with the issue managers, other underwriters, issuer or the sponsor group. 25. All issued shares of the issuer at the time of according this consent shall be subject to a lock in period of three years from the date of issuance of prospectus or commercial operation, whichever comes later: Provided that the persons, other than directors and those who hold 5% or more, who have subscribed to the shares of the company within immediately preceding two years of according consent, shall be subject to a lock -in period of one year from the date of issuance of prospectus or commercial operation, whichever comes later. 26. Either a Jumbo Share (one for each of the existing Sponsors/ Directors/ Shareholders) in respect of the shares already issued shall be issued covering together respective total holding, which shall contain the expiry date of lock-in period or Sponsors/Directors/Promoters/Shareholdersââ¬â¢ shareholding shall be converted into demat form but shall be locked-in as per the condition at para-25 above. 27. In case of Jumbo Share Certificate issued to the existing Sponsors/ Directors/Shareholders, the said share certificates shall be kept under custody of a security custodian bank registered with SEC during the lock-in period. The name and branch of the bank shall be furnished to the Commission jointly by the issuer and the issue managers, along with a confirmation thereof from the custodian bank, within one week of listing of the shares with the stock exchange(s). 28. In case of dematerialization of shares held by the existing Sponsors/ Directors/Shareholders, the copy of dematerialization confirmation report generated by CDBL and attested by the managing director of the company along with lock-in confirmation shall be submitted to SEC within one week of listing of the shares with the stock exchange(s). 29. The company shall apply to the stock exchanges for listing within 7(seven) working days of issuance of this letter and shall simultaneously submit to the Commission attested copies of the application filed with the stock exchanges. 30. The company shall not declare any benefit other than cash dividend based on the financial statement for the period ended December 31, 2007. Part-B 1. The issue managers (i. e. , Alliance Financial Services Limited and South Asia Capital Limited) shall ensure that the abridged version of the prospectus and the full prospectus is published correctly and in strict conformity without any error/omission, as vetted by the Securities and Exchange Commission. 2. The issue managers shall carefully examine and compare the published abridged version of prospectus on the date of publication with the copy vetted by SEC. If any discrepancy/inconsistency is found, both the issuer and the issue managers shall jointly publish a corrigendum immediately in the same newspapers concerned, simultaneously endorsing copies thereof to SEC and the stock exchange(s) concerned, correcting the discrepancy/inconsistency as required under ââ¬ËDue Diligence Certificatesââ¬â¢ provided with SEC. -9- Issuer Issue Managers à ¦ à ¦ à ¦ Alliance Financial Services Limited BSRM Steels Limited South Asia Capital Limited 3. Both the issuer company and the issue managers shall, immediately after publication of the prospectus and its abridged version, jointly inform the Commission in writing that the published prospectus and its abridged version are verbatim copies of the same as vetted by the Commission. 4. The fund collected through IPO shall not be utilized prior to listing with stock exchange and that utilization of the said fund shall be effected through banking channel, i. e. through account payee cheque, pay order or bank drafts etc. 5. The company shall furnish report to the Commission on utilization of IPO proceeds within 15 days of the closing of each quarter until such fund is fully utilized, as mentioned in the schedule contained in the prospectus, and in the event of any irregularity or inconsistency, the Commission may employ or engage any person, at issuerââ¬â¢s cost, to examine whether the issuer has utilized the proceeds for the purpose disclosed in the prospectus. 6. All transactions, excluding petty cash expenses, shall be effected through the companyââ¬â¢s bank account(s). 7. Proceeds of the IPO shall not be used for any purpose other than those specified in the prospectus. Any deviation in this respect must have prior approval of the shareholders in the General Meeting under intimation to SEC and stock exchange(s). 8. The company shall remove the restrictive clauses regarding issuance transfer of shares and grouping of shares from its Articles of Association. Part C 1. All the above conditions imposed under section 2CC of the Securities and Exchange Ordinance, 1969 shall be incorporated in the prospectus immediately after the page of the table of contents, with a reference in the table of contents, prior to its publication. 2. The Commission may impose further conditions/restrictions etc. from time to time as and when considered necessary, which shall also be binding upon the issuer company. Part D 1. As per provision of the Depository Act, 1999 and regulations made there under, shares will only be issued in dematerialized condition. All transfer/transmission/splitting will take place in the Central Depository Bangladesh Ltd. (CDBL) system and any further issuance of shares (including right/bonus) will be made in dematerialized form only. An applicant (including NRB) shall not be able to apply for allotment of shares without beneficial owner account (BO account). 2. The issue managers shall also ensure due compliance of all above. GENERAL INFORMATION Alliance Financial Services Limited (AFSL) and South Asia Capital Limited (SACL) have prepared the prospectus from information supplied by BSRM Steels Limited (the Issuer Company) and also after several discussions with the Chairman, Managing Director, Directors and concerned executives of the company. BSRM Steels Limited, Alliance Financial Services Limited and South Asia Capital Limited collectively and individually, having made all reasonable inquiries, confirm that to the best of their knowledge and belief, the information contained herein is true and correct in all material aspects and that there are no other material facts, the omission of which, would make any statement herein misleading. No person is authorized to give any information or to make any representation not contained in this Prospectus and if given or made, any such information and representation must not be relied upon as having been authorized by the company or Alliance Financial Services Limited and South Asia Capital Limited. The Issue as contemplated in this prospectus is made in Bangladesh and is subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the Courts of Bangladesh. Forwarding this prospectus to any person resident outside Bangladesh in no way implies that the issue is made in accordance with the laws of that country or is subject to the jurisdiction of the laws of that country. A copy of this prospectus may be obtained from the Corporate Head Office of BSRM Steels Limited, Alliance Financial Services Limited, South Asia Capital Limited, the Underwriters and the Stock Exchanges where the securities will be traded. 10 Issuer Issue Managers à ¦ à ¦ à ¦ Alliance Financial Services Limited BSRM Steels Limited South Asia Capital Limited Declarations and Due Diligence Certificates Declaration about the Responsibility of the Directors, including the CEO of the Company ââ¬Å"BSRM Steels Limitedâ⬠in Respect of the Prospectus This prospectus has been prepared, seen and approved by us, and we, individually and collectively, accept full responsibility for the authenticity and accuracy of the statements made, information given in the prospectus, documents, financial statements, exhibits, annexes, papers submitted to the Commission in support thereof, and confirm, after making all reasonable inquiries that all conditions concerning this public issue and prospectus have been met and that there are no other information or documents the omission of which make any information or statements therein misleading for which the Commission may take any civil, criminal or administrative action against any or all of us as it may deem fit. We also confirm that full and fair disclosure has been made in this prospectus to enable the investors to make a well-informed decision f or investment. Sd/ Alihussain Akberali Chairman Sd/Zohair Taherali Director Sd/Aameir Alihussain Managing Director* Sd/Tehseen Zohair Taherali Director Sd/Sabeen Aameir Director Consent of the Directors to Serve We hereby agree that we have been serving as Directors of ââ¬Å"BSRM Steels Limited and confirm to continue to act as Directors of the Company. Sd/ Alihussain Akberali Chairman Sd/Zohair Taherali Director Sd/Aameir Alihussain Managing Director* Sd/Tehseen Zohair Taherali Director Sd/Sabeen Aameir Director * Mr. Aameir Alihussain is also a shareholder Director of the company. Declaration about filing of Prospectus with the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies Firms A dated and signed copy of the Prospectus has been filed for registration with the Registrar of J ronaldchavez1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/14859671300940522062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3646482285737549849.post-10317016789586211382019-12-03T18:37:00.001-08:002019-12-03T18:37:04.226-08:00Nurse as a Team Builder Sentence Outline Abstract This paper will discuss teambuilding in nursing and how it affects the way nurses perform their roles in different healthcare settings. The journal article to be reviewed in this discussion uncovers more information about effective strategies that nurses need to use to network and share information with other healthcare professionals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nurse as a Team Builder Sentence Outline specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The article also reveals why healthcare administrators need to implement effective teamwork systems that encourage nurses to collaborate and share ideas. Barriers that make it difficult for workers to collaborate and share ideas will also be highlighted. This paper will show the importance of teambuilding in nursing and how it helps nurses offer quality care to their patients. Teams help organizations become more competitive in their operations in industries they operat e in. Nurse as a Team-Builder Sentence Outline Thesis Statement: In modern healthcare systems, healthcare services have become more specialized and this requires all nurses to collaborate and share knowledge to achieve good outcomes in their duties (Gonzalez Rotman, 2010, p. 2). Importance of Strong Structures and Defining a Team Strong Structures. Strong workplace structures make workers more focused which help them understand their responsibilities and organizational expectations they need to attain. Healthcare professionals need to be guided by clear workplace policies to help them attain good results in different tasks they are required to perform The issue of patient care and safety is very important in any healthcare environment. Effective relationships between nurses encourage them to share knowledge. As a result, they reduce unnecessary errors in their duties which helps them provide high quality care to their patients. All workplace barriers need to be eliminated to ens ure nurses are provided with good working conditions to make them provide high quality healthcare services to their patients. Definition of a Team A team can be described as a collection of people willing to share their skills, resources and ideas to achieve common goals, using a common approach which they are answerable to. A team is also a group of professionals who are mandated by their organizations to pool their collective efforts and ideas to enable them achieve positive outcomes out of various work processes. For a team to achieve good outcomes, all members need to be diligent to enable them attain their individual as well as collective goals. They need to make personal sacrifices to stay focused on various tasks they are expected to perform in their respective workstations. Teams are able to perform more tasks than individuals especially when members communicate with each other effectively. Members need to accommodate their ideological differences to ensure everyone is g iven a fair chance to participate in all processes that enable workplace teams to attain their goals. Meetings serve as important forums in which different team members decide on different agendas they intend to pursue to achieve good results. In meetings, members are able to discuss various issues that affect them and they are able to propose solutions to these issues to enable them achieve positive outcomes. Forming a Team Five Main Stages Forming: This involves people with common interests and goals coming together to discuss the specific agenda that makes them perform various tasks as a team. Storming: This is the stage where disputes between various members are likely to arise due to different competing interests. In some instances, some members may not be pleased with the direction the team is moving, especially when their ideas are not taken seriously. Norming: This is the stage when group members compromise and resolve their disputes. Afterwards, all members are able to unite and come up with an agreeable structure where all members are assigned specific roles they are required to perform. Performing: In this stage, all members collaborate to perform various tasks they have been assigned. All members work within the structure earlier established and they set targets and timelines in which they expect to accomplish them. Reforming: This is the stage when the team disbands after objectives that brought them together are accomplished. However in some instances, a team may disband even before it has attained the objectives it had set for itself at the onset if members fail to collaborate to achieve desired results. Important Elements A team needs a strong leader to help it execute its functions more effectively. A strong leader needs to help a team understand its vision and specific actions it needs to perform to achieve its objectives. A team needs to have specific goals and objectives to help it measure the success it has achieved out of various tasks. This helps members evaluate their contributions after a specific period of time to find out if their efforts satisfy their expectations. A team also needs adequate resources in form of time and money to help members perform all duties assigned to them more effectively. This makes members dedicate their efforts towards achieving set goals. A team also needs to understand the vision of the health institution its members work for. This helps all members to understand specific actions they need to do to achieve positive results. Teams need to allocate time for members to bond with one another to make them have a unity of purpose. This enables all nurses to share their experiences freely. Team Building Barriers and Team Relationships Barriers Gender differences are likely to have an impact on the way nurses perform their duties in a team setup. Differences in age are likely to affect how team members perform their responsibilities. Inadequate resources in form of time, materia ls and financial funds may make it difficult for team members to execute their functions. Unclear objectives make members not to have a clear focus about what they intend to do. Team Relationships Every individual needs to be given adequate resources to perform all responsibilities he or she has been assigned at work. Strong relationships allow nurses to identify their weaknesses to come up with proper solutions on how they need to solve them. Nurses who easily collaborate on various tasks are able to attain set targets easily. Strong team relationships also help nurses to acquire multi-disciplinary skills which make them perform various tasks in the healthcare settings more effectively. Networking, Sharing Knowledge Outcomes Importance of Networking Networking between different healthcare professionals occurs during meetings, events and conferences. These interactions enable healthcare workers to socialize and establish strong relationships with other professionals. Some un planned encounters between health professionals can also open up opportunities for future networking. Nurses working in different departments can also network and share knowledge related to different areas of their expertise. Sharing Knowledge Nurses need to share knowledge by socializing with their colleagues at work. They need to join professional nursing organizations to share their experiences with other caregivers working in different healthcare settings. Networking allows nurses to acquire new skills which are beneficial to their careers and their patients. Nurses can also network through electronic modes of communication such as the internet with other nurses in different healthcare settings in other parts of the world. Benefits and Outcomes Teamwork and networking helps nurses acquire multi disciplinary skills which make them more effective in their duties at work. This helps a healthcare institution to develop solutions to common problems it faces. Nurses who share information are able to build trust and confidence in each other. As a result, this helps them to grow and develop new capabilities to handle various challenges in their workstations. Organizations that encourage their nurses to network are able to develop strong synergies which help them deal with complex problems they are facing easily. Effective team building approaches make nurses more satisfied and committed to healthcare organizations they are working in. Conclusion Team building and networking helps all nurses acquire vital skills that make them offer quality healthcare services to their patients. Healthcare organizations need to improve working conditions for nurses to make them more competitive in their duties. They need to offer adequate resources to their employees to encourage them to form strong collaborations with their colleagues. Teambuilding can only succeed if nurses have clear objectives to make them more focused in their responsibilities. This will help them att ain good outcomes out of different activities they undertake. References Gonzalez, C.M., Rotman, S. (2010). Building blocks of teamwork: Effective strategies can reduce turnover rates, improve group cohesion and nurse satisfaction. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 11(2), 2-10. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Nurse as a Team Builder Sentence Outline was written and submitted by user Kas0n to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. ronaldchavez1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/14859671300940522062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3646482285737549849.post-91203632913777940732019-11-27T17:59:00.001-08:002019-11-27T17:59:05.731-08:00Plastic Surgery Gone Wrong free essay sample Abstract Throughout the paper a complete argument as to why people should not get cosmetic surgery will be explained. Starting with the history of cosmetic surgery and why it is around, leading into the basis of the argument and an explanation of the definitions that need to be defined. After the basics then there will be a case study that goes into the different types of dangers that occur from different types of cosmetic surgery (another definition for plastic surgery). Finishing the paper with statistics and one more case study that will further explain the point of why others should avoid having their body altered. All the history and background information comes from different history sites, the dangers and statistics come from medical sites and the cosmetic surgery gone wrong stories come from different news papers in the last six years. Cosmetic Surgery Gone Wrong The human race has an unrealistic expectation for physical perfection. We will write a custom essay sample on Plastic Surgery Gone Wrong or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Physical perfection is that model we see in the magazine or the actors that are on the television. Physical perfection is never having a blemish, or bad hair day, or being over a size six. Physical perfection is never having a scar, until you go under the knife and that hope for physical perfection is destroyed by the scar that is always left. Cosmetic surgery has been around for hundreds of years, through ancient times, the middle ages, the renaissance, and through the world wars. The only things about cosmetic surgery that have changed are the ways surgeons go about doing the procedures (Beautiful Body: A History of Plastic Surgery). Cosmetic surgery, things like, Botox, breast augmentation, nose jobs, liposuction, and face lifts, might sound good in theory, but in reality the risks of going under the knife far outweigh the rewards. Cosmetic surgery should not be an option to everybody, but only an option in very severe cases. To explain, medically necessary cosmetic surgery should be allowed. What constitutes as medically necessary are cases like burn victims, health issues occurring due to large breasts, and accidents that leave people with mutilated faces or other parts of the body. What should not be allowed is elective surgery, which is what people who want to get nose jobs or face lifts and Botox get just because they think it will make them achieve that idea of physical perfection. One of the most recent cases of an extreme cosmetic surgery disaster was back in June of 2011. A woman named Maria Shortall died in Weston, Florida after a liposuction procedure went in an unplanned direction. The procedure caused 22 different incisions and the woman was, for the most part, in a very healthy state, she should not have died at the age of 38 years old. As a result of this womanââ¬â¢s death, her daughter lost a mother, and the lives of a lot of people were altered because of a minor surgery that was not necessary and could have been avoided (abc News). Besides death, there are numerous different risks to having a cosmetic procedure done. The most common risk to cosmetic surgery is scarring. When you go to have a major procedure done, you are going to have a scar, this happens because you are having a knife cutting up your skin, and it will not heal all the way. Another risk to having a procedure done is a chance of getting seromas. Seromas is defined as the accumulation of tissue fluid, instead of blood. Also, infection is quite possible after getting surgery done. The hours after the surgery, your body is more open to getting infections since your it is left exposed from the wound, and bacteria is able to get in through the wound easier. Other possible risks of getting cosmetic surgery can include bleeding, necrosis- the death of tissues-, nerve damage, and there is also a risk of having a bad reaction to the anesthesia after the surgery or during (buzzle. om). In March of 2007, a middle aged woman, named Kay Cregan died of complications from having a face-lift and a nose job done at the age of 42 years old. Cregan was said to look older than her real age, and it was making her lose her self confidence and decided to fly into New York to have a face-lift and nose job done to help her look older. She ended up not making it through the surgery and never returned home to her family (Daily News: From dream to nigh tmare: Cosmetic surgery disasters). Besides the physical risks of undergoing cosmetic surgery, there are still emotional and mental risks. Depression plays a major role in cosmetic surgery. People have this preconceived idea that having cosmetic surgery will help them to give them the look that they have always wanted, and when they go through the surgery, they go in expecting way too much. If the surgery goes wrong, and things do not go the way the patient expects them to go that patient can then slip into depression (Business and Health: The Dangers of Plastic Surgery). Along with depression, people, mainly women, become addicted to plastic surgery. According to Yahoo! Voices, two-thirds of plastic surgery patients are repeat patients that come in more than once to have more work done. Women become obsessed with having the perfect body and they continue to find things to operate on repeatedly, and a lot of these people are said to have body dysmorphic disorder which makes that person think that they are ugly (Yahoo! Voice). Social factors can help to enhance a personââ¬â¢s addiction to surgery. Young women see on television all the time that these beautiful people are having cosmetic surgery done, and they think that since these seemingly beautiful women who are famous are getting it done, then that must mean that they are not good enough and need to get the surgery done as well (treatment4addiction. com). Michael Jackson, one of the most famous men to walk the plant in the 20th century, is a huge example for addiction to plastic surgery. Michael Jackson had an addiction to getting cosmetic surgery and had his nose worked on numerous times until there was barely anything left and had to get something new completely designed (People. Inside story: Michael Jacksonââ¬â¢s Plastic Surgery). Taking a chance with cosmetic surgery can lead to a number of different disasters. Why would you want to take the risk if it is not necessary to? Love yourself the way you are, and embrace the person you are. You do not need to live up to that idea of physical perfection. You do not need to be that model in the magazine or the actress on the television. Cosmetic surgery is a major risk if it is not medically necessary. Love your life enough to want to protect it. ronaldchavez1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/14859671300940522062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3646482285737549849.post-38773191049180965462019-11-24T01:35:00.001-08:002019-11-24T01:35:03.254-08:00Anthrax Vaccination Program essaysAnthrax Vaccination Program essays On May 18, 1998, Secretary of Defense William Cohen approved a plan to vaccinate all U.S. service members for anthrax. This plan has caused a fierce ethical debate over the legitimacy of this vaccination. The Department of Defense claims the vaccination is completely safe and has been in use for decades. Some doctors dispute this claim, and contend the vaccination may not be effective against weapon versions of anthrax. Many service members have refused the vaccination and have either separated or faced formal punishment for their decision. The Bioport Corporation of Lansing Michigan is the only company that produces the anthrax vaccine. According to a Phoenix Times article, the original Bioport plant had to be demolished due to quality control problems. A new plant was built, but it also failed FDA inspections in December of 1999. Subsequently, the process of administering the vaccination to all service members has been suspended. The vaccination is currently administered only to personnel deploying to high threat areas of the world. The Joint Staff has designated Korea, Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Yemen, and Israel as high-threat areas. The immunization is administered in a series of six shots over an eighteen-month period, with annual boosters. The following analysis will contain a brief discussion about both sides of this issue. To understand why the Department of Defense feels it is essential to take such precautions, it is first necessary to have some understanding of what anthrax is. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia defines anthrax as a contagious disease of warm-blooded animals, including humans, caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. There are three types of anthrax diseases. The first is cutaneous anthrax, which is caused by contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. The second type is gastrointesti... ronaldchavez1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/14859671300940522062noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3646482285737549849.post-68319478568550995232019-11-21T06:18:00.001-08:002019-11-21T06:18:16.990-08:005ELW Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words5ELW Employment Law - Essay Example The company prefers to employ younger people because it finds that their lifestyles permit them to work more flexibly than older people with family commitments. REFER: You have explained when contracts can be changed lawfully. You need to reword the highlighted text as Iââ¬â¢m assuming you mean the employees could be dismissed and re-hired, this needs to be clearly stated. You have however discussed the dangers associated with this approach. You have recommended offering an incentive in the first instance. REFER: You have explained the use of a selection matrix as a method of redundancy selection. You need to explain the consultation requirements for redundancy (i.e. the timescales involved). You should also explain the need for individual consultation as well. You need to explain that trade unions officials should be involved in the process (or elected representatives). You could also have discussed redundancy pay and the possibility of finding alternative employment for the employees concerned. REFER: You have explained the information that must be provided to the new employer. You need to explain what information should be given to the trade union official. You also need to explain some of the questions the employees might ask in relation to this transfer. REFER: You have made a start on this section Viktoria however more detail is needed to satisfy the assessment criteria. You need to review the Working time Regulations in more detail e.g. what are the rest breaks? How do the regulations apply to younger workers? You have established the possible problems associated with split shifts. You also need to explain the specific issues of on call and night working. You need to mention the requirement to offer a health assessment. You have discussed the National Minimum Wage and have identified the possibility of age discrimination. You also need to explain annual leave entitlement. REFER: This section is very brief. ronaldchavez1982http://www.blogger.com/profile/14859671300940522062noreply@blogger.com0